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Loss and Damages from Cyclone: A Case Study from Odisha, a Coastal State

2020, Development in Coastal Zones and Disaster Management

Natural disasters such as cyclones result in tremendous loss and damages to life and property of coastal communities. However, studies assessing loss and damages are limited in the literature. This study attempts to document the loss and damages incurred by the marine fishing community affected by Cyclone Phailin in 2013, on the coast of Gopalpur in Odisha (India). A survey composed of 300 responses was conducted and it was found that a high percentage (72.67%) of the community experienced decline in income after the cyclone. This may be a result of damage to fishing gear from the cyclone. Although most fishermen were able to start fishing one to three weeks after the cyclone, their income returned to previous levels (before the cyclone) at a much later time. Fortunately, there were no deaths in the surveyed households as a result of the cyclone. Lastly, it was seen that the time and average cost to rebuild houses was greater than that to repair gear. Given the importance of assessi...

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Vineetha Nalla

Asian Development Bank

Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan

This is the a chapter in the report Cyclone Fani: Damage, Loss, and Needs Assessment which was published by Asian Development Bank jointly with United Nations India and The World Bank in collaboration with Govt. of Odisha. Cyclone Fani has had comparatively higher and differential impact on the socially vulnerable and marginalised population groups, especially women and adolescent girls, children, members of the SC and ST communities, PwDs, fisher-folk, daily wage earners such as brick kiln workers, small traders, artisans, and urban slum dwellers. Poverty, location of residence, inequality, social and gender discrimination were some factors that further compounded the pre-cyclone vulnerabilities of these groups and resulted in a differential impact (Figure 0.5). An analysis considering the five dimensions—Health, Education, Agri-livelihood, Living standards, and Safe housing (HEALS)—across the 14 affected districts shows that Fani has further increased the incidence of income poverty in Odisha which could be transient but needs special attention. A build back better (BBB) approach with community-specific, occupation-specific and location-specific interventions involving different stakeholders will prevent the increase in incidence of income poverty in the state.

Garima Jain

Greeshma Hegde

India has a coastline of about 7,516 km of which 5, 400 km is along the main land. Thirteen coastal states and Union Territories (UTs) in the country are being affected by climatic vulnerability. Four states (Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and West Bengal) are rather highly vulnerable to cyclone hazards. The Bay of Bengal is world's most cyclone prone region. Odisha is one of the most vulnerable states of India towards climate change. Natural calamities from time-to-time seriously affect livelihoods in this state and the income level of people. Poor societies have low adaptive capacities to withstand these adverse impacts of climate change, due to the high dependence of a majority of the population on climate-sensitive sectors like agriculture, forestry and fishery. The direct impacts of adverse climate cause loss of life, livelihood, assets, infrastructure etc. The present paper is an attempt to know the real sufferings of the villagers living in the coastal regions of the Ganjam District of Odisha who are frequently being affected by the rudeness of climatic vulnerability. They regularly loss a lot in their general livelihood, starting from extreme scarcity of food, drinking water and fuel to the extreme effect on health, education and infrastructure. The traditional marine fishermen living in the coastal regions of Ganjam district are the worst sufferers.

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology

Kiran Bains

India has been facing the wrath of natural calamities pertaining to its unique geography and varied climatic patterns from time immemorial. The purpose of this paper is to gather data pertaining to food assistance provided to stranded evacuees in the aftermath of Natural Calamities. Food assistance forms crucial part of humanitarian assistance to provide immediate relief to victims and help in their speedy recovery from injuries, illness and psychological distress. We aimed to collect information on the type of food, quantities of food and cultural competence of food because India has a wide diversity in food eating patterns across its regions. We also took into account the rescue operations involving role of different stakeholders like government organizations, Armed forces, paramilitary forces, NGOs, international donors and volunteers who usually work independently but gather together aftermath of any calamity or disaster, to address the problems that arise with a common shared g...

Kamal Barik

Bay of Bengal is prone to maximum rate of cyclogenesis of cyclonic disturbances and intensified cyclonic storms. The cyclones in the Bay of Bengal basin are most devastating, causing a large number of fatalities and huge infrastructural and pecuniary losses. The Coastline of Odisha had witnessed major land falls of cyclonic storms in comparison to other coastal states in east coast of Indian peninsula. Pre-monsoon cyclonic storms are rare compared to post monsoon in strength and frequency. The extreme severe cyclonic storm “Fani” has ransacked the Odisha coast causing 43 fatalities from 159 blocks in 14 districts, and huge pecuniary losses amounting to 2417.6 billion INR in spite of war footing precautionary measures. In this paper, the tracks of various intensified pre-monsoon and post-monsoon storms and their impacts are studied. The climatological impact of various dominating systems in Indian Ocean like El-Nino, La-Nina, El Niño-Southern Oscillation, Madden–Julian Oscillation, I...

AN ETHNOGRAPHIC ACCOUNT ON THE LIVED EXPERIENCES OF PHAILIN AND ITS IMPACT AMONG THE FISHERMEN OF PENTAKOTA, PURI, ODISHA, INDIA

Pinaki Dey Mullick

The state of Odisha having severely exposed to the natural hazard, faces a great difficulty multiple times in past few years. The impact of natural disasters threatens the life and living of the local people of Odisha; repetitively raising their social and psychological resilience under a great challenge. In this context, the present study tries to explore the experiences of vulnerability and resilience among the fishermen of Pentakota - a coastline settlement of Puri, Odisha, after the cyclone - Phailin and its disastrous impacts on 11th October, 2013. Five Participants were selected through nested sampling design and interviewed using a semistructured interview schedule. The detailed and extensive rich data have been transcribed verbatim to include the insider’s perspectives of the concerned issues that leaded to the themes of concerned, like- (a) Sensing the Sea and Risks in Economic Living (“Perception of the Sea and Economic Living”, “Perception of Risks and Vulnerabilities in Daily Life” and “Spirituality and Resilience”), (b) Warning, Preparation, Disruption and the Terror of Phailin (“The Warning and Communication Prior to the Event”, “Facing the Unexpected Threats of Phailin” and “The Perception of Loss” ) and (c) The Issues of Resilience and Post-Disaster Recovery (“The Issues of Relief, Politics, Mistrusts and Annoyance”, “Feeling of Helplessness and Anxiety”, and “Bouncing Back the Troubles and Getting in to the Altered Life”). The nature of the content of the current effort is descriptive, specific and subjective that may claim to contribute knowledge for better policies and actions.

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Extreme Events, Resilience and Disaster Management: Lessons from Case Studies

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Disaster Management is thought to start only after a disaster has struck. But that is only a part of the overall management strategy. We are increasingly waking up to the fact that Disaster Management should start much ahead and avoiding disasters is the best way to manage them. This calls for building a resilient society. For the last few decades environmental irregularities have become more frequent across the globe, which scientists claim to be the signs of an irreversible climate change. Scientists are clamouring for the need to build mitigating and adaptive measures in local, national and global policies to face this challenge. In this paper, we start with a broad outline of disasters, resilience, damage costs and avoidance costs. We also explain why we find resilience planning to be generally underfunded in developing countries. We then discuss the consequences of such under-preparedness using three case studies of cyclone management in India to understand the complexities of resilience planning and extreme event management policies. We also examine how the pandemic had affected resilience activities during one of the extreme events chosen for study. In the final section we outline the lessons learned from this experience and the policy response that may be put in place to deal with such situation—which looks to become increasingly regular in near future. The paper helps in bringing to limelight the problems faced during multiple extreme events.

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Majumder, R. (2023). Extreme Events, Resilience and Disaster Management: Lessons from Case Studies. In: Mitra, S., Dasgupta, K., Dey, A., Bedamatta, R. (eds) Disaster Management and Risk Reduction: Multidisciplinary Perspectives and Approaches in the Indian Context. NERC 2022. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6395-9_17

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Study report on gaja cyclone 2018.

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Executive Summary

Tamil Nadu is historically one of the most vulnerable States to tropical cyclone. The total geographical area of Tamil Nadu is 13 Million hectares and it has a coastline of 1,076 km which is about 15% of the coastline of India. The State is multi-hazard prone, the major natural hazards being Cyclonic storms, Urban and Rural floods, and periodic Droughts. Some of the tropical cyclones that hit Tamil Nadu are Gaja (2018), Ockhi (2017), Vardha (2016), Nilam (2012), Thane (2011), Jal (2010) and Nisha (2008).

Severe Cyclonic Storm Gaja originated as a low-pressure system over the Gulf of Thailand. The weak system intensified into a depression over the Bay of Bengal on November 10 and further intensified to a cyclonic storm on November 11, being classified 'Gaja'. Cyclone Gaja made landfall in South India, at Vedaranyam, Tamil Nadu. At the time of landfall of the cyclone, 100-120 kmph speed was experienced. The highest sustained speed was recorded in Adhirampattinam at 165 kmph and 160 kmph at Muthupet. The cyclone Gaja affected 08 districts of Tamil Nadu, namely, Nagapattinam, Thanjavur, Thiruvarur, Pudukottai, Karaikal, Cuddalore, Trichy and Ramanathapuram.

To build upon the learning of Cyclone “Gaja” and to document the lessons learnt and best practices, the present study was undertaken with the following objectives:

The objectives of this study were as follows:

• To critically analyze the role of disaster managers in the management of Cyclone Gaja with special reference to early warning, preparedness, impact, response, and community preparedness.

• To assess the impact of Cyclone Gaja on the infrastructure, services, and communities.

• To study the measures undertaken by the Central Government, State Governments and District Administrations to reduce the mortality and impact of cyclones in the State of Tamil Nadu.

• To document the best practices undertaken during the management of Cyclone Gaja.

• Suggest evidence-based recommendations for better management of Cyclones in the future.

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Local sitrep: heavy rain and hailstorm in manipur (06 may 2024), the story of a village and its transformation, action plan to prevent floods, leaving no one behind: lessons from the kerala disasters.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, sustainable management of coastal critical infrastructure: case study of multi-purpose cyclone shelters in south asia.

International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment

ISSN : 1759-5908

Article publication date: 25 March 2022

Issue publication date: 20 May 2022

To minimize risk of coastal communities arising from cyclones, several risk mitigation initiatives have been taken in countries. Cyclone shelters have proven to be an important critical infrastructure in saving lives from cyclones. A large number of coastal critical infrastructure in the form of multi-purpose cyclone shelters (MPCS) are built to provide safe shelter during disasters. Often observed, such critical infrastructures are non-operational during the normal period, which makes them difficult to use during any disaster. Efforts have been made to keep these infrastructures in working condition. This research paper aims to bring together various management practices adopted for the MPCS in the South-Asian region with a focus on Bangladesh, and India. It also suggests ways to improve these practices for sustainable management of the MPCS.

Design/methodology/approach

India and Bangladesh are the most vulnerable countries in the South Asian region. As per the Global Climate Index, India and Bangladesh come in the list of “in extreme risk” countries in the world and are vulnerable to several natural hazards, especially climate-induced hydrometeorological hazards. India has a vast coastline and out of 7,516 km of coastline, a large extent, i.e. 5,700 km is prone to cyclones and that keeps 40% of the population vulnerable living within 100 km of the coastline. On the other hand, Bangladesh has a coastline of 580 km, which is equally vulnerable to tropical cyclones. Safeguarding communities from impending coastal risk through coastal cyclone shelters are of prime concern. This paper uses a qualitative approach to analyze secondary data, and literature in the field of critical infrastructure, sustainability, cyclone shelter, and management practice for cyclone shelters.

To provide sustainability and community ownership of the MPCS, various service plans are adopted in different countries. This paper provides insights on service and sustainability efforts made for the proper functioning of the MPCS in India and Bangladesh. It also provides insight into the roles played by different institutions involved in maintaining the MPCSs.

Originality/value

The research reiterates understanding of the cyclone shelter management from different geographic locations in the South Asian region. Various gaps identified in shelter management practices are discussed in the paper and key recommendations are proposed for better management of cyclone shelters.

• Multi-purpose cyclone shelter
• Critical infrastructure
• Sustainable management

Jaiswal, A. , Kumar, A. , Pal, I. , Raisinghani, B. and Bhoraniya, T.H. (2022), "Sustainable management of coastal critical infrastructure: case study of multi-purpose cyclone shelters in South Asia", International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment , Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 304-326. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJDRBE-08-2021-0115

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Cyclone Idai

The cause, primary and secondary effects and immediate and long term responses to Cyclone Idai

Cyclones are tropical storms that occur in the Indian Ocean. Cyclone Idai is the strongest tropical cyclone on record to affect Africa and the Southern Hemisphere.

Cyclone Idai satellite image

What caused Cyclone Idai?

In early March 2019, a storm cell brought heavy rains to Malawi before heading out to sea off the coast of Mozambique. The storm intensified into Cyclone Idai and returned to land on the evening of 14th March 2019. Often, storms that develop there don’t strengthen as much as those that form north and east of Madagascar, but Cyclone Idai was fed by warm water temperatures. The storm, with winds of up to 115 mph/185 kph and more than 150mm of rain in 24 hours, wreaked havoc in the Mozambique port city of Beira, home to 500,000 people, along with surrounding districts. It then swept inland and on to Zimbabwe. The storm caused widespread devastation and the loss of life and livelihoods of hundreds of thousands more people.

The location of Cyclone Idai

March 3 2019

Tropical disturbance forms.

The tropical disturbance that would become Cyclone Idai develops and begins to strengthen near the coast of Africa.

March 5th 2019

Heavy rains cause severe flooding across Mozambique and Malawi.

March 11 2019

Tropical depression.

Now a tropical depression, the storm becomes more intense between coastal  Africa and Madagascar. 

March 14-15 2019

Tropical cyclone idai makes landfall.

Tropical Cyclone Idai makes landfall near Beira, Mozambique, as a Category 2 storm with sustained winds exceeding 105 mph.

March 20 2019

Heavy rain continues.

Heavy rains continue along with search and rescue operations and damage assessments.

March 21 to 27

Aid response.

Governments and humanitarian aid agencies begin responding with life-saving relief supplies to the affected areas.

Search called off

The Mozambique government calls off the search for survivors of Cyclone Idai.

Cholera Cases

Cholera cases in Mozambique top 1,400, according to health officials.

What were the effects?

Flooding in Southern Africa has affected nearly 3 million people in Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe since the rain began in early March and Cyclone Idai struck March 14 and 15. The death toll has exceeded 843 people, and many more remain missing. Over 1 million people were displaced by the storm.

It was not just heavy rainfall that led to flooding, storm surges between 3.5m to 4m hit the coastal city of Beira. The ocean floor along the coast by Mozambique is conducive to give storm surges.

The image below shows the area around Beira before and after the cyclone.

According to the Red Cross, up to 90% of Beira, Mozambique’s fourth largest city, has been damaged or destroyed. The devastated city became an island amid the flooded area with communications, power and clean water severely disrupted or non-existent. Houses, roads and crops disappeared beneath the water that was six metres (19ft) deep in places. Rescuers struggling to reach survivors who may have spent up to a week sheltering on roofs and in trees. A woman gave birth in a mango tree while escaping floods in central Mozambique.

The coastal lowlands, located between the higher plateau and the mountainous areas to the west near the Zimbabwean border were the hardest hit by the floods.

At least 180 people in Zimbabwe known to have been killed by landslides triggered by Idai. Nasa satellite images depict the extensive landslide activity associated with Cyclone Idai . The landslides were partly caused by deforestation.

People were still being rescued a week and a half after the storm.

As flood waters receded, survivors struggled to obtain food, clean water, and shelter.

According to the World Bank the cyclone affected about 3 million people, damaging infrastructure and livelihoods. Unicef reported that over half of the 3 million people in urgent need of humanitarian help were children.

The UN World Food Programme (WFP) says that Cyclone Idai wiped out a whole year’s worth of crops across swathes of Mozambique, Malawi and Zimbabwe. At least 1 million acres of crops were destroyed.

The cyclone is expected to cost Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe more than $2bn, the World Bank has said.

Cholera infected at least 1,052 people in Mozambique’s cyclone-hit region.

What was the immediate response?

As part of the forward planning for severe weather, safe zones had been created in rural areas of Mozambique for evacuation above the flood plain . However, the flooding was far worse than had been expected.

The meteorological office of Mozambique, Inam, issued weather alerts as the storm developed. The highest possible alert was raised by the government three days before the cyclone struck, telling people to evacuate threatened areas.

Some people were evacuated by boat before the cyclone struck, however many people in rural areas didn’t respond to the warnings or were not aware of them.

According to the mayor of the Mozambican city of Beira, the government failed to warn people in the areas worst hit by Cyclone Idai despite a “red alert” being issued two days before it struck.

The South African air force and the Indian army, which happened to have a ship in the area, drove the initial rescue effort. Opposition groups in Mozambique blamed the limited government preparation and response on corruption.

Last year, the government of Mozambique received support from international donors for a disaster fund of $18.3m (£13.9m) for 2018 and 2019. This is the main source of funding for any disaster response and is intended specifically for search and rescue within the first 72 hours.

More than 130,000 newly homeless people were taken into reception centres.

Two weeks after the disaster 900,000 doses of oral cholera vaccines arrived in the cyclone-battered Beira city, from the global stockpile for an emergency, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO).

As flood waters receded the International Committee of the Red Cross supported flood-affected communities to recover bodies, identify them and bury them in clearly marked graves.

The Mozambique government announced the search and rescue operation to find survivors from Cyclone Idai was over two weeks after the storm.

With the help of OpenStreetMap – an open-source mapping resource – thousands of volunteers worldwide digitised satellite imagery and created maps of the affected area to support ground workers. Through the Missing Maps Project , an army of arm-chair mappers has already mapped more than 200,000 buildings and nearly 17,000 km of roads in the affected areas.

A large number of international charities launched appeals to fund aid to support those affected by Cyclone Idai including The Red Cross, Unicef, DEC, CAFOD and MSF (Doctors Without Borders).

What was the long term response?

Two weeks after the storm the government of Mozambique announced a new phase in the recovery operation was beginning to help those affected and rebuild the education, health, energy, transport, industry and trade sectors, which were all devastated by the cyclone.

The UN has appealed for donations of $282m to fund emergency assistance for the next three months.

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