sample case study nursing

Nursing Case Study

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ScienceDirect posted a nursing ethics case study where an end-stage prostate cancer patient, Mr. Green, confided to nursing staff about his plan to commit suicide. The patient asked the nurse to keep it a secret. The ethical problem is whether the nurse should tell the health care team members about the patient’s thought without his permission. The best ethical decision for this nursing case study was to share this critical information with other health care professionals, which was the action the nurse took. The team adhered to the proper self-harm and suicide protocol. The appropriate team performed a palliative therapy. As a result, the patient didn’t harm himself and died peacefully a few months after he was discharged.

What Is a Nursing Case Study? A nursing case study is a detailed study of an individual patient. Through this type of research, you can gain more information about the symptoms and the medical history of a patient. It will also allow you to provide the proper diagnoses of the patient’s illness based on the symptoms he or she experienced and other affecting factors. Nursing students usually perform this study as part of their practicum, making it an essential experience because, through this research methodology , they can apply the lessons they have learned from school. The situation mentioned above was an excellent example of a nursing case study.

Nursing Case Study Format

1. introduction.

Purpose: Briefly introduces the case study, including the main health issue or condition being explored. Background: Provides context for the patient scenario, outlining the significance of the case in nursing practice. Objectives: Lists the learning objectives or goals that the case study aims to achieve.

2. Patient Information

Demographics: Age, gender, ethnicity, and relevant personal information. Medical History: Past medical history, including any chronic conditions, surgeries, or significant health events. Current Health Assessment: Presents the patient’s current health status, including symptoms, vital signs, and results from initial examinations.

3. Case Description

Clinical Presentation: Detailed description of the patient’s presentation, including physical examination findings and patient-reported symptoms. Diagnostic Findings: Summarizes diagnostic tests that were performed, including lab tests, imaging studies, and other diagnostic procedures, along with their results. Treatment Plan: Outlines the initial treatment provided to the patient, including medications, therapies, surgeries, or other interventions.

4. Nursing Care Plan

Nursing Diagnoses: Identifies the nursing diagnoses based on the assessment data. Goals and Outcomes: Establishes short-term and long-term goals for the patient’s care, including expected outcomes. Interventions: Describes specific nursing interventions planned or implemented to address each nursing diagnosis and achieve the stated goals. Evaluation: Discusses the effectiveness of the nursing interventions, including patient progress and any adjustments made to the care plan.

5. Analysis

Critical Analysis: Analyzes the case in depth, considering different aspects of patient care, decision-making processes, and the application of nursing theories and principles. Reflection: Reflects on the nursing practice, lessons learned, and how the case study has impacted the understanding and application of nursing knowledge.

6. Conclusion

Summary: Provides a concise summary of the key points from the case study, including the patient outcome and the nursing care impact. Implications for Practice: Discusses the implications of the case for nursing practice, including any changes to practice or policy that could improve patient care. Recommendations: Offers recommendations for future care or areas for further study based on the case study findings.

Examples of Nursing Case Study

Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Introduction: A 58-year-old male with a history of hypertension and smoking presents to the emergency department with chest pain. This case study explores the nursing management for patients with AMI. Patient Information: Demographics: 58-year-old male, smoker. Medical History: Hypertension, no previous diagnosis of heart disease. Current Health Assessment: Reports severe chest pain radiating to his left arm, sweating, and nausea. Case Description: Clinical Presentation: Patient appeared in distress, clutching his chest. Diagnostic Findings: ECG showed ST-elevation in anterior leads. Troponin levels were elevated. Treatment Plan: Immediate administration of aspirin, nitroglycerin, and morphine for pain. Referred for emergency coronary angiography. Nursing Care Plan: Nursing Diagnoses: Acute pain related to myocardial ischemia. Goals: Relieve pain and prevent further myocardial damage. Interventions: Monitoring vital signs, administering prescribed medications, and providing emotional support. Evaluation: Pain was managed effectively, and the patient was stabilized for angiography. Analysis: The timely nursing interventions contributed to stabilizing the patient’s condition, showcasing the critical role nurses play in acute care settings. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of quick assessment and intervention in patients with AMI, emphasizing the nurse’s role in pain management and support.

Managing Type 1 Diabetes in a Pediatric Patient Introduction: A 10-year-old female diagnosed with type 1 diabetes presents for a routine check-up. This case study focuses on the nursing care plan for managing diabetes in pediatric patients. Patient Information: Demographics: 10-year-old female. Medical History: Diagnosed with type 1 diabetes six months ago. Current Health Assessment: Well-controlled blood glucose levels, but expresses difficulty with frequent insulin injections. Case Description: Clinical Presentation: Patient is active, engaging in school activities but struggles with diabetes management. Diagnostic Findings: HbA1c is 7.2%, indicating good control. Treatment Plan: Insulin therapy, carbohydrate counting, and regular blood glucose monitoring. Nursing Care Plan: Nursing Diagnoses: Risk for unstable blood glucose levels. Goals: Maintain blood glucose within target range and increase patient comfort with diabetes management. Interventions: Education on insulin pump use, dietary advice, and coping strategies. Evaluation: Patient showed interest in using an insulin pump and understood dietary recommendations. Analysis: This case emphasizes the importance of education and emotional support in managing chronic conditions in pediatric patients. Conclusion: Effective management of type 1 diabetes in children requires a comprehensive approach that includes education, technological aids, and psychological support.

Elderly Care for Alzheimer’s Disease Introduction: An 82-year-old female with Alzheimer’s disease presents with increased confusion and agitation. This case study examines the complexities of caring for elderly patients with Alzheimer’s. Patient Information: Demographics: 82-year-old female. Medical History: Alzheimer’s disease, osteoarthritis. Current Health Assessment: Increased confusion, agitation, and occasional aggression. Case Description: Clinical Presentation: Patient exhibits signs of advanced Alzheimer’s with memory loss and disorientation. Diagnostic Findings: Cognitive tests confirm the progression of Alzheimer’s. Treatment Plan: Non-pharmacological interventions for agitation, memory aids, and safety measures in the home. Nursing Care Plan: Nursing Diagnoses: Impaired memory related to Alzheimer’s disease. Goals: Reduce agitation and prevent harm. Interventions: Use of calming techniques, establishing a routine, and environmental modifications. Evaluation: Agitation was reduced, and the patient’s safety was improved through environmental adjustments. Analysis: The case underscores the need for tailored interventions to manage Alzheimer’s symptoms and improve the quality of life for the elderly. Conclusion: Nursing care for Alzheimer’s patients requires a multifaceted approach focusing on safety, symptom management, and patient dignity.

Nursing Case Study Topics with Samples to Edit & Download

• Telehealth Nursing
• Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
• Geriatric Nursing Care
• Palliative and End-of-Life Care
• Pediatric Nursing
• Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
• Chronic Disease Management
• Nursing Ethics and Patient Rights
• Infection Control and Prevention
• Oncology Nursing
• Nursing Leadership and Management
• Cultural Competence in Nursing
• Substance Abuse and Addiction Nursing
• Technological Innovations in Nursing
• Nursing Education and Training

Nursing Case Study Examples & Templates

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Nursing Case Study Segments

Typically, a nursing case study contains three main categories, such as the items below.

1. The Status of a Patient

In this section, you will provide the patient’s information, such as medical history, and give the current patient’s diagnosis, condition, and treatment. Always remember to write down all the relevant information about the patient. Other items that you can collect in this stage are the reasons for the patient to seek medical care and the initial symptoms that he or she is experiencing. After that, based on the gathered information, you will explain the nature and cause of the illness of the patient.

2. The Nursing Assessment of the Patient

In this stage, you will need to prepare your evaluation of the patient’s condition. You should explain each observation that you have collected based on the vital signs and test results. You will also explain each nursing diagnosis that you have identified and determine the proper nursing care plan for the patient.

3. The Current Care Plan and Recommendations

Describe the appropriate care plan that you can recommend to the patient based on the diagnosis, current status, and prognosis in detail, including how the care plan will affect his or her life quality. If needed, you can also evaluate the patient’s existing care plan and give recommendations to enhance it. It is also crucial to cite relevant authoritative sources that will support your recommendations .

Objectives of Nursing Case Study

Nursing case studies are integral educational tools that bridge theoretical knowledge with practical application in patient care. They serve several key objectives essential for the development of nursing students and professionals. Here are the primary objectives of nursing case studies:

1. Enhance Critical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning

Case studies encourage nurses to analyze complex patient scenarios, make informed decisions, and apply critical thinking skills to solve problems. They simulate real-life situations, requiring nurses to evaluate data, consider multiple outcomes, and choose the best course of action.

2. Improve Diagnostic Skills

Through the detailed analysis of patient information, symptoms, and diagnostic results, nursing case studies help improve diagnostic skills. They allow nurses to practice interpreting clinical data to identify patient conditions and understand the underlying causes of symptoms.

3. Facilitate Application of Theoretical Knowledge

Nursing case studies provide a direct bridge between classroom learning and clinical practice. They offer a practical venue for applying theoretical knowledge about anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and nursing theories to real-world patient care situations.

4. Promote Understanding of Comprehensive Patient Care

These studies emphasize the importance of holistic care, considering the physical, emotional, social, and psychological aspects of patient well-being. Nurses learn to develop comprehensive care plans that address all facets of a patient’s health.

5. Encourage Reflective Practice and Self-Assessment

Reflecting on case study outcomes enables nurses to evaluate their own decision-making processes, clinical judgments, and actions. This self-assessment promotes continuous learning and professional growth by identifying areas for improvement.

6. Foster Interdisciplinary Collaboration

Case studies often involve scenarios that require collaboration among healthcare professionals from various disciplines. They teach nurses the value of teamwork, communication, and the integration of different expertise to achieve optimal patient outcomes.

7. Enhance Patient Education and Advocacy Skills

By working through case studies, nurses improve their ability to educate patients and families about health conditions, treatment plans, and preventive measures. They also learn to advocate for their patients’ needs and preferences within the healthcare system.

8. Prepare for Real-Life Challenges

Nursing case studies prepare students and new nurses for the unpredictability and challenges of real-life clinical settings. They provide safe, controlled environments to practice responses to emergencies, ethical dilemmas, and complex patient needs without the risk of actual harm.

Steps in Nursing Process

Whether you are handling a patient with schizophrenia, pneumonia, diabetes, appendicitis, hypertension, COPD, etc, you will need to follow specific steps to ensure that you are executing the critical nursing process.

1. Assess the Patient

The first step of the nursing process requires critical thinking skills as it involves gathering both subjective and objective data. Subjective data includes verbal statements that you can collect from the patient or caregiver. In contrast, objective information refers to measurable and tangible data, such as vital signs, height, weight, etc. You can also use other sources of information, such as electronic health records, and friends that are in direct contact with the patient.

2. Diagnose the Patient

This critical step will help you in the next steps, such as planning and implementation of patient care. In this step, you will formulate a nursing diagnosis by applying clinical judgment. As a nurse, the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) will give you an up-to-date nursing diagnosis list, which will allow you to form a diagnosis based on the actual health problem.

3. Plan for a Proper Patient Care Plan

This part is where you will plan out the appropriate care plan for the patient. You will set this goal following the evidence-based practice (EDP) guidelines. The goal you will set should be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely ( SMART ).

4. Implement the Plan

In this stage, you can execute the plan that you have developed in the previous step. The implementation may need interventions such as a cardiac monitor, medication administration, etc.

5. Evaluate the Results

It is crucial to remember that every time the team does an intervention, you must do a reassessment to ensure that the process will lead to a positive result. You may need to reassess the patient depending on his progress, and the care plan may be modified based on the reassessment result.

Where to find nursing case studies?

Nursing case studies can be found in a variety of academic, professional, and medical resources. Here are some key places to look for nursing case studies:

• Academic Journals : Many academic journals focus on nursing and healthcare and publish case studies regularly. Examples include the “Journal of Clinical Nursing,” “Nursing Case Studies,” and “American Journal of Nursing.”
• University and College Libraries : Many academic institutions provide access to databases and journals that contain nursing case studies. Libraries often have subscriptions to these resources.
• Online Medical Libraries : Websites like PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Wiley Online Library offer a vast collection of nursing and medical case studies.
• Professional Nursing Organizations : Organizations such as the American Nurses Association (ANA) and the National League for Nursing (NLN) often provide resources, including case studies, for their members.
• Nursing Education Websites : Websites dedicated to nursing education, such as Lippincott NursingCenter and Nurse.com, often feature case studies for educational purposes.
• Government Health Websites : The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) sometimes publish case studies related to public health nursing and disease outbreaks.
• Nursing Textbooks and eBooks : Many nursing textbooks and eBooks include case studies to illustrate key concepts and scenarios encountered in practice.
• Online Nursing Forums and Communities : Forums and online communities for nursing professionals may share or discuss case studies as part of their content.
• Conference Proceedings : Nursing and healthcare conferences often include presentations of case studies. Many of these are published in the conference proceedings, which may be accessible online.

Carrying out a nursing case study can be a delicate task since it puts the life of a person at stake. Thus, it requires a thorough investigation. With that said, it is essential to gain intensive knowledge about this type of study. Today, we have discussed an overview of how to conduct a nursing case study. However, if you think that you are having problems with your writing skills , we recommend you to consider looking for an essay writing service from the experts in the nursing department to ensure that the output follows the appropriate writing style and terminology.

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Nursing Case Studies with Answers

Explore Nursing Case Studies with Answers and examples in Carepatron's free downloadable PDF. Enhance your nursing knowledge and prepare for exams with practical scenarios.

By Wynona Jugueta on Jun 20, 2024.

Fact Checked by Ericka Pingol.

What is a case study?

A case study in medicine is a detailed report of a patient's experience with a disease, treatment, or condition. It typically includes the patient's medical history, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment course, and outcome.

Some key things to know about medical case studies template. First, they delve deep into the specifics of a single case, providing a rich understanding of a particular medical situation.

Medical professionals use case studies to learn about rare diseases, unusual presentations of common conditions, and the decision-making process involved in complex cases.

Case studies can identify exciting areas for further investigation through more rigorous clinical trials. While informative, they can't be used to develop general treatment guidelines because they only focus on a single case.

Overall, medical case studies are valuable tools for medical education and research, offering insights into human health and disease complexities.

Printable Nursing Case Studies with Answers

Download this Nursing Case Studies with Answers to analyze complex clinical situations, identify priority needs, and develop effective care plans tailored to individual patients.

What is in a nursing case study?

A nursing case study is a detailed examination of a patient's health condition, treatment plan, and overall care journey, specifically from the perspective of nursing practice. These case studies are essential components of nursing education and professional development, providing valuable insights into clinical scenarios and patient care experiences.

In a case nursing study template, various elements are typically included to comprehensively understand the patient's situation. First and foremost, the case study outlines the patient's demographic information, including age, gender, medical history, and presenting symptoms. This demographic overview sets the stage for understanding the context in which healthcare interventions occur.

Moreover, nursing case studies often delve into the nursing assessment process, highlighting the initial and ongoing assessments nurses conduct to gather relevant patient health status data. These assessments involve physical examinations, vital sign monitoring, and assessment tools to identify potential health issues and risk factors.

Critical thinking skills are essential in nursing case studies, as they enable nurses to analyze complex clinical situations, identify priority needs, and develop effective care plans tailored to individual patients. Nursing students and experienced nurses use case studies as opportunities to enhance their critical thinking abilities and clinical decision-making processes.

Nursing case studies serve several vital purposes within healthcare education and professional practice, whether they are a primary care physician or a group of nursing students. Let's explore each purpose in detail:

Enhancing clinical reasoning skills

One primary purpose of nursing case studies is to enhance nursing students' and practicing nurses' clinical reasoning skills. By presenting realistic patient scenarios, case studies challenge individuals to analyze clinical data, interpret findings, and develop appropriate nursing interventions. This process promotes critical thinking and problem-solving abilities essential for effective nursing practice.

Applying theoretical knowledge to practice

Nursing case studies provide a bridge between theoretical knowledge and practical application. They allow nursing students to apply concepts learned in the classroom to real-world patient care situations. By engaging with case studies, students can integrate theoretical principles with clinical practice, gaining a deeper understanding of nursing concepts and their relevance to patient care.

Facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration

Another purpose of nursing case studies is to facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration among healthcare professionals. Nurses often collaborate with physicians, specialists, therapists, and other team members in complex patient cases to deliver comprehensive care. Case studies offer opportunities for nurses to explore collaborative decision-making processes, communication strategies, and teamwork dynamics essential for providing quality patient care.

Promoting evidence-based practice

Nursing case studies are crucial in promoting evidence-based practice (EBP) within nursing and healthcare settings. Nurses can make informed decisions about patient care interventions by analyzing patient scenarios and considering current research evidence. Case studies encourage nurses to critically evaluate research findings, clinical guidelines, and best practices to ensure the delivery of safe, effective, and patient-centered care.

Fostering professional development

Engaging with nursing case studies contributes to the ongoing professional development of nurses at all stages of their careers. For nursing students, case studies provide valuable learning experiences that help prepare them for clinical practice. For experienced nurses, case studies offer opportunities to refine clinical skills, stay updated on emerging healthcare trends, and reflect on past experiences to improve future practice.

How to write a nursing case study?

Writing a nursing case study involves several essential steps to ensure accuracy, relevance, and clarity. Let's break down the process into actionable steps:

Step 1: Select a patient case

Begin by selecting a patient case that presents a relevant and compelling healthcare scenario. Consider factors such as the patient's demographic information, medical history, presenting symptoms (e.g., joint stiffness, pain), and healthcare needs (e.g., medication administration, vital signs monitoring). Choose a case that aligns with your learning objectives and offers meaningful analysis and discussion opportunities.

Step 2: Gather relevant data

Collect comprehensive data about the selected patient case, including medical records, test results, nursing assessments, and relevant healthcare documentation. Pay close attention to details such as the patient's current health status, past medical history (e.g., diabetes), treatment plans, and any ongoing concerns or challenges. Utilize assessment tools and techniques to evaluate the patient's condition thoroughly and identify areas of clinical significance.

Step 3: Assess the patient's needs

Based on the gathered data, evaluate the patient's needs, considering physical, emotional, social, and environmental factors. Assess the patient's pain levels, mobility, vital signs, and other relevant health indicators. Identify any potential complications, risks, or areas requiring immediate attention. Consider the patient's preferences, cultural background, and individualized care requirements in your assessment.

Step 4: Formulate nursing diagnoses

Formulate nursing diagnoses that accurately reflect the patient's health needs and priorities based on your assessment findings. Identify actual and potential nursing diagnoses related to the patient's condition, considering factors such as impaired mobility, ineffective pain management, medication adherence issues, and self-care deficits. Ensure your nursing diagnoses are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART).

Step 5: Develop a care plan

Develop a comprehensive care plan outlining the nursing interventions and strategies to address the patient's identified needs and nursing diagnoses. Prioritize interventions based on the patient's condition, preferences, and care goals. Include evidence-based nursing interventions to promote optimal health outcomes, manage symptoms, prevent complications, and enhance the patient's overall well-being. Collaborate with other healthcare professionals as needed to ensure coordinated care delivery.

Step 6: Implement and evaluate interventions

Implement the nursing interventions outlined in the care plan while closely monitoring the patient's response to treatment. Administer medications, provide patient education, perform nursing procedures, and coordinate care activities to effectively meet the patient's needs. Continuously evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, reassessing the patient's condition and adjusting the care plan as necessary. Document all interventions, observations, and outcomes accurately and comprehensively.

Step 7: Reflect and seek assistance

Reflect on the nursing case study process, considering what worked well, areas for improvement, and lessons learned. Seek assistance from nursing instructors, preceptors, or colleagues if you encounter challenges or have concerns about the patient's care. Collaborate with interdisciplinary team members to address complex patient issues and ensure holistic care delivery. Continuously strive to enhance your nursing practice through ongoing learning and professional development.

Nursing Case Studies with Answers example (sample)

Below is an example of a nursing case study sample created by the Carepatron team. This sample illustrates a structured framework for documenting patient cases, outlining nursing interventions, and providing corresponding answers to guide learners through the analysis process. Feel free to download the PDF and use it as a reference when formulating your own nursing case studies.

Download this free Nursing Case Studies with Answers PDF example here 

Examples of a nursing case study

Let's explore a few other examples of nursing case studies to illustrate how they are developed and analyzed:

Case study 1: management of chronic pain in elderly patients

• Scenario : Mrs. Smith, a 75-year-old woman, is admitted to the hospital with complaints of chronic pain in her lower back and joints. She has a history of osteoarthritis and hypertension. Mrs. Smith reports difficulty performing activities of daily living due to her pain, which has been progressively worsening over the past year.
• Assessment : Nursing assessment reveals a limited range of motion, joint stiffness, and increased blood pressure readings. Mrs. Smith's pain is rated 7 out of 10 on the scale. Vital signs are within normal limits except for elevated blood pressure.
• Diagnosis : Nursing diagnosis includes "Chronic Pain related to osteoarthritis and impaired mobility" and "Activity Intolerance related to pain and limited joint mobility."
• Interventions : Nursing interventions focus on pain management strategies such as administering analgesic medications, providing heat therapy, and assisting with gentle exercise. Patient education is provided on proper body mechanics and joint protection techniques.
• Evaluation : Mrs. Smith's pain is reassessed regularly, and interventions are adjusted based on her response. Progress notes indicate a reduction in pain intensity, improved mobility, and increased participation in activities of daily living. Blood pressure readings are monitored closely to ensure optimal management of hypertension.

Case Study 2: family-centered care for a child with chronic illness

• Scenario : Johnny, a 6-year-old boy with cystic fibrosis, is admitted to the pediatric unit for respiratory exacerbation. His parents express concerns about managing his condition at home and coping with the emotional impact of his illness on the family.
• Assessment : Nursing assessment reveals decreased lung function, persistent cough, and increased respiratory rate. Johnny's parents report feeling overwhelmed and anxious about his health.
• Diagnosis : Nursing diagnosis includes "Ineffective Airway Clearance related to thick, tenacious secretions" and "Anxiety related to managing a child with chronic illness."
• Interventions : Nursing interventions focus on airway clearance techniques, respiratory treatments, and emotional support for Johnny and his family. Nursing staff facilitate support groups for families of children with chronic illnesses to provide mutual support and share coping strategies.
• Evaluation : Johnny's respiratory status is monitored closely, and interventions are implemented to improve airway clearance. Respiratory treatments are administered as prescribed, and progress is documented in the medical record. Johnny's parents report feeling more confident in managing his care at home and express appreciation for the support received from the healthcare team.

Why use Carepatron as your nursing software?

Carepatron stands out as a comprehensive and reliable solution for nursing professionals seeking efficient and streamlined workflows in their practice. With a range of features tailored to the needs of nurses and healthcare teams, Carepatron offers unparalleled support and functionality for managing various aspects of patient care.

Nurse scheduling software

One of the key advantages of Carepatron is its nurse scheduling software, which simplifies the process of creating and managing schedules for nursing staff. With intuitive scheduling tools and customizable options, nurses can easily coordinate shifts, manage availability, and ensure adequate staffing levels to meet patient needs effectively.

Telehealth platform

In addition, Carepatron offers a robust telehealth platform that facilitates remote patient monitoring, virtual consultations, and telemedicine services. This feature enables nurses to provide continuity of care beyond traditional healthcare settings, reaching patients in remote areas or those unable to attend in-person appointments.

Clinical documentation software

Furthermore, Carepatron's clinical documentation software streamlines the documentation process, allowing nurses to easily capture patient data, record assessments, and document interventions. The platform supports accurate and efficient documentation practices, ensuring compliance with regulatory standards and promoting continuity of care across healthcare settings.

Commonly asked questions

In clinical terms, a case study is a detailed examination of a patient's medical history, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, typically used for educational or research purposes.

Case studies are essential in nursing as they provide real-life scenarios for nurses to apply theoretical knowledge, enhance critical thinking skills, and develop practical clinical reasoning and decision-making abilities.

Case studies in nursing education offer benefits such as promoting active learning, encouraging problem-solving skills, facilitating interdisciplinary collaboration, and fostering a deeper understanding of complex healthcare situations.

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Next Generation NCLEX Case Study Sample Questions

One of the big changes on the Next Generation NCLEX exam is a shift toward case studies. Case studies often require a deeper level of critical thinking, and understanding diseases on a more in-depth level (especially the pathophysiology) will make these types of questions easier to answer.

In this article, you’ll be able to watch a free video to help you prepare for the new Next Generation NCLEX case study format. Nurse Sarah will walk you step-by-step through each scenario and help you understand how to use critical thinking and nursing knowledge to answer these types of questions.

Next Generation NCLEX Case Study Review Questions Video

NGN Case Study Sample Questions and Answers

First, let’s take a look at our case study summary below:

Case Study Summary:

A 68-year-old male is admitted with shortness of breath. He reports difficulty breathing with activity, lying down, or while sleeping. He states that in order to “breathe easier,” he has had to sleep in a recliner for the past week. The patient has a history of hypertension, myocardial infarction (2 years ago), and cholecystectomy (10 years ago). The patient is being transferred to a cardiac progressive care unit for further evaluation and treatment.

Question 1 of 6: The nurse receives the patient admitted with shortness of breath. What findings are significant and require follow-up? The options are listed below. Select all that apply.

To answer this first question in the NGN case study, let’s look at the information provided in the nursing notes and vital signs tabs provided:

This question is asking us to identify findings that are significant and require the nurse to follow-up. In other words, what is presenting that we can’t ignore but need to investigate further.

Therefore, let’s comb through the nursing notes and vital signs to see what is abnormal and requires follow-up.

First, the patient arrived to the room via stretcher. That’s fine and doesn’t necessarily require follow-up.

Next, the patient is alert and oriented x 4 (person, place, time, event). This tells us that the patient’s neuro status is intact so far. Therefore, the shortness of breath isn’t affecting the patient’s mental function yet (we have enough oxygen on board right now for brain activity).

However, the nurse has noticed the shortness of breath with activity and talking, which should not normally happen. This tells us something is wrong and is significant enough to require follow-up. We want to know why is this happening, is it going to get worse, etc.

The patient’s weight and vital signs were collected (this is good). Weight is 155 lbs. and BMI is within a healthy range (doesn’t tell us too much but may be useful later). The patient is also connected to a bedside monitor, so they need to be monitored constantly like on a progressive care unit.

The monitor shows sinus tachycardia . This is significant because it seems the patient’s shortness of breath is causing the heart to compensate by increasing the heart rate to provide more oxygen (hence the lungs may be compromised).

Then we find out that the lungs are indeed compromised because crackles are heard in both lungs , and this may be why our patient is short of breath. This is significant (could the patient have pulmonary edema?)

Then we find out the nurse has noted an S3. This is an extra heart sound noted after S2. And what jumps out to me about this is that it is usually associated with volume overload in the heart like in cases of heart failure . However, S3 may be normal in some people under 40 or during pregnancy, but that’s not the case with our patient based on what we read in the case summary.

Therefore, based on everything I’m reading in this case study, I’m thinking this patient may have heart failure, but we need those test results back (especially the echo and chest x-ray, and hopefully a BNP will be in there too).

We are also told that the patient has an 18 gauge IV inserted (which is good thing to have so we can give medications if required), orders have been received, labs drawn, and testing results are pending.

Now let’s look at the “Vital Signs” tab above, and ask yourself what is normal vs. abnormal for this patient (adult male).

• The heart rate is high at 112 (tachycardia), and should normally be 60-100 bpm (see heart rhythms ).
• Blood pressure is higher than normal (normal is 120/80), which indicates hypertension.
• Oxygen saturation is 94% (this is on the low side as we’d normally want around 95% or higher, and the patient is on 4 L nasal cannula, which tells us the lungs are not okay).
• Respiratory rate is increased (26 breaths per minute)…normal is 12-20 breaths per minute.

Based on the information we were provided, I’ve selected the answers below. These findings are significant and definitely require follow-up by the nurse.

When answering these NGN case study questions, it’s helpful to think of the ABCDE (airway, breathing, circulation, etc.) as all of these fall into that category. If we don’t follow-up on the shortness of breath, crackles, respiratory rate, o2 saturation (94% on 4 L nasal cannula), the respiratory system can further decline.

In addition, the sinus tachycardia, S3 gallop, and hypertension could indicate fluid overload in the heart. This may cause the heart to tire out and lead the lethal rhythm. On the other hand, temperature, pain, weight, and BMI are not abnormal and do not require follow-up.

See the Complete Next Generation NCLEX Case Study Review

Each question in the case study builds on the previous question. To see how these questions evolve based on the patient’s condition and labs, watch the entire Next Generation NCLEX Case Study Review video on our YouTube Channel (RegisteredNurseRN).

NCLEX Practice Quizzes

We’ve developed many free NCLEX review quizzes to test your knowledge on nursing topics and to help you prepare for the Next Generation NCLEX exam.

Nurse Sarah’s Notes and Merch

Just released is “ Fluid and Electrolytes Notes, Mnemonics, and Quizzes by Nurse Sarah “. These notes contain 84 pages of Nurse Sarah’s illustrated, fun notes with mnemonics, worksheets, and 130 test questions with rationales.

You can get an eBook version here or a physical copy of the book here.

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Nursing Case Studies: Diagnosis, Rationales, Fundamentals

Test your knowledge and clinical investigative skills in trying to diagnose what is going on with the patients presented in each of the Case Study Investigations. Can you come up with the right diagnosis? Case Studies Articles

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Differential Case Study: Lyme Disease or Covid-19?

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How to Write a Nursing Case Study Paper (A Guide)

Most nursing students dread writing a nursing case study analysis paper, yet it is a mandatory assignment; call it a rite of passage in nursing school. This is because it is a somewhat tricky process that is often overwhelming for nursing students. Nevertheless, by reading this guide prepared by our best nursing students, you should be able to easily and quickly write a nursing case study that can get you an excellent grade.

How different is this guide from similar guides all over the internet? Very different!

This guide provides all the pieces of information that one would need to write an A-grade nursing case study. These include the format for a nursing case study, a step-by-step guide on how to write a nursing case study, and all the important tips to follow when writing a nursing case study.

This comprehensive guide was developed by the top nursing essay writers at NurseMyGrade, so you can trust that the information herein is a gem that will catapult your grades to the next level. Expect updates as we unravel further information about writing a nursing case study.

Now that you know you’ve discovered a gold mine , let’s get right into it.

What Is a Nursing Case Study?

A nursing case study is a natural or imagined patient scenario designed to test the knowledge and skills of student nurses. Nursing case study assignments usually focus on testing knowledge and skills in areas of nursing study related to daily nursing practice.

As a nursing student, you must expect a nursing case study assignment at some point in your academic life. The fact that you are reading this post means that point is now.

While there is no standard structure for writing a nursing case study assignment, some things or elements must be present in your nursing assignment for your professor to consider it complete.

In the next section, you will discover what your instructor n expects in your nursing case study analysis. Remember, these are assignments where you are given a case study and are expected to write a case analysis report explaining how to handle such scenarios in real-life settings.

The Nursing Case Study Template

The typical nursing case study has nine sections. These are:

• Introduction
• Case presentation (Patient info, history, and medical condition)
• Diagnosis/Nursing assessment
• Intervention/Nursing care plan
• Discussion and recommendations

The Structure of a Nursing Case Study Analysis

You now know what nursing professors expect in a nursing case study analysis. In this section, we will explain what to include in each section of your nursing case study analysis to make it an excellent one.

1. Title page

The title page is essential in all types of academic writing. You must include it in your nursing case study analysis or any other essay or paper. And you must include it in the format recommended by your college.

If your college has no specific title page format, use the title page format of the style requested in the assignment prompt. In nursing college, virtually all assignments should be written in Harvard or APA format .

So, check your assignment prompt and create your title page correctly. The typical title page should include the topic of your paper, your name, the name of your professor, the course name, the date you are submitting the paper, and the name of your college.

2. Abstract

Most nursing professors require you to include an abstract in your nursing case study analysis. And even when you are not explicitly required to write one, it is good to do so. Of course, you should consult with your professor before doing so.

When writing an abstract for your paper, make sure it is about 200 words long. The abstract should include a brief summary of the case study, including all the essential information in the patient presentation, such as the history, age, and current diagnosis.

The summary should also include the nursing assessment, the current interventions, and recommendations.

3. Introduction

After writing the title page and the abstract, start writing the introduction. The introduction of a nursing case study analysis must briefly include the patient’s presentation, current diagnosis and medication, and recommendations. It must also include a strong thesis statement that shows what the paper is all about.

You shouldn’t just write an introduction for the sake of it. If you do so, your introduction will be bland. You need to put in good effort when writing your introduction. The best way to do this is to use your introduction to show you understand the case study perfectly and that you will analyze it right.

You can always write your introduction last. Many students do this because they believe writing an introduction last makes it more precise and accurate.

4. Case Presentation (Status of the Patient)

After introducing your nursing case study analysis, you should present the case where you outline the patient's status. It is usually straightforward to present a case.

You must paraphrase the patient scenario in the assignment prompt or brief. Focus on the demographic data of the patient (who they are, age, race, height, skin tone, occupation, relationships, marital status, appearance, etc.), why they are in the case study or scenario, reasons they sought medical attention, chief complaint, and current diagnosis and treatment. You should also discuss the actions performed on the patient, such as admission to the ICU, taking vital signs, recommending tests, etc.

In short, everything necessary in the patient scenario should be in your case presentation. You only need to avoid copying the patient scenario or case study word-for-word when writing your case presentation.

5. Diagnosis and Assessment

After the case presentation, you should explain the diagnosis. In other words, you should explain the condition, disease, or medical situation highlighted in the case presentation. For example, if the patient is a heavy smoker and he has COPD, it is at this point that you explain how COPD is linked to heavy smoking.

This is the section where you thoroughly discuss the disease process (pathophysiology) by highlighting the causes, symptoms, observations, and treatment methods. You should relate these to the patient’s status and give concrete evidence. You should describe the progression of the disease from when the client was admitted to a few hours or days after they were stabilized. Consider the first indication of the disease that prompted the patient to seek further medical assistance.  

Your paper should also elucidate the diagnostic tests that should be conducted and the differential diagnosis. Ensure that each is given a well-founded rationale.

When explaining the condition, go deep into the pathophysiology. Focus specifically on the patient’s risk factors. Ensure you get your explanation from recent nursing literature (peer-reviewed scholarly journals published in the last 5 years). And do not forget to cite all the literature you get your facts from.

In short, this section should explain the patient’s condition or suffering.

6. Nursing Intervention

After the diagnosis and nursing assessment section, your nursing case study analysis should have an intervention section. This section is also known as the nursing care planning section. What you are supposed to do in this section is to present a nursing care plan for the patient presented in the patient scenario. You should describe the nursing care plan and goals for the patient. Record all the anticipated positive changes and assess whether the care plan addresses the patient's condition.

A good nursing care plan details the patient’s chief complaints or critical problems. It then describes the causes of these problems using evidence from recent medical or nursing literature. It then details the potential intervention for each problem. Lastly, it includes goals and evaluation strategies for the measures. Most professors, predominantly Australian and UK professors, prefer if this section is in table format.

Some nursing professors regard the intervention section (or nursing care plan section) as the most critical part of a nursing case study. This is because this part details precisely how the student nurse will react to the patient scenario (which is what the nursing professors want to know). So, ensure you make a reasonable effort when developing this section to get an excellent grade.

7. Discussion and Recommendations

The intervention section in a nursing case study is followed by a discussion and recommendations section. In this section, you are supposed to expound on the patient scenario, the diagnosis, and the nursing care plan. You should also expound on the potential outcomes if the care plan is followed correctly. The discussion should also explain the rationale for the care plan or its significant bits.

Recommendations should follow the discussion. Recommendations usually involve everything necessary that can be done or changed to manage a patient’s condition or prevent its reoccurrence. Anything that enhances the patient’s well-being can be a recommendation. Just make sure your key recommendations are supported by evidence.

8. Conclusion

This is the second last section of a typical nursing case study. What you need here is to summarize the entire case study. Ensure your summary has at least the case presentation, the nursing assessment/diagnosis, the intervention, and the key recommendations.

At the very end of your conclusion, add a closing statement. The statement should wrap up the whole thing nicely. Try to make it as impressive as possible.

9. References

This is the last section of a nursing case study. No nursing case study is complete without a references section. You should ensure your case study has in-text citations and a references page.

And you should make sure both are written as recommended in the assignment. The style section is usually Harvard or APA. Follow the recommended style to get a good grade on your essay.

Step-By-Step Guide to Writing a Nursing Case Study

You know all the key sections you must include in a nursing case study. You also know what exactly you need to do in each section. It is time to learn how to write a nursing case study. The process detailed below should be easy to follow because you know the typical nursing case study structure.

1. Understand the Assignment

When given a nursing case study assignment, the first thing you need to do is to read. You need to read two pieces of information slowly and carefully.

First, you need to read the prompt itself slowly and carefully. This is important because the prompt will have essential bits of information you need to know, including the style, the format, the word count, and the number of references needed. All these bits of information are essential to ensure your writing is correct.

Second, you need to read the patient scenario slowly and carefully. You should do this to understand it clearly so that you do not make any mistakes in your analysis.

2. Create a Rough Outline

Failure to plan is a plan to fail. That is not what you are in it for anyway! In other words, do not fail to create an outline for your case study analysis. Use the template provided in this essay to create a rough outline for your nursing case study analysis.

Ensure your outline is as detailed as it can be at this stage. You can do light research to achieve this aim. However, this is not exactly necessary because this is just a rough outline.

3. Conduct thorough research

After creating a rough outline, you should conduct thorough research. Your research should especially focus on providing a credible and evidence-based nursing assessment of the patient problem(s). You should only use evidence from recent nursing or medical literature.

You must also conduct thorough research to develop an effective intervention or nursing care plan. So when researching the patient’s problem and its diagnosis, you should also research the most suitable intervention or do it right after.

When conducting research, you should always note down your sources. So for every piece of information you find, and what to use, you should have its reference.

After conducting thorough research, you should enhance your rough outline using the new information you have discovered. Make sure it is as comprehensive as possible.

4. Write your nursing case study

You must follow your comprehensive outline to write your case study analysis at this stage. If you created a good outline, you should find it very easy to write your nursing case study analysis.

If you did not, writing your nursing case study will be challenging. Whenever you are stuck writing your case study analysis paper, you should re-read the part where we explain what to include in every section of your analysis. Doing so will help you know what to write to continue your essay. Writing a nursing case study analysis usually takes only a few hours.

5. Reference your case study

After writing your case study, ensure you add all in-text citations if you have not already. And when adding them, you should follow the style/format recommended in the assignment prompt (usually APA or Harvard style).

After adding in-text citations exactly where they need to be and in the correct format, add all the references you have used in a references page. And you should add them correctly as per the rules of the style you were asked to use.

Do not forget to organize your references alphabetically after creating your references page.

6. Thoroughly edit your case study

After STEP 5 above, you need to edit your case study. You should edit it slowly and carefully. Do this by proofreading it twice. Proofread it slowly each time to discover all the grammar, style, and punctuation errors. Remove all the errors you find.

After proofreading your essay twice, recheck it to ensure every sentence is straightforward. This will transform your ordinary case study into an A-grade one. Of course, it must also have all the standard sections expected in a case study.

Recheck your case study using a grammarly.com or a similar computer grammar checker to ensure it is perfect. Doing this will help you catch and eliminate all the remaining errors in your work.

7. Submit your case study analysis

After proofreading and editing your case study analysis, it will be 100% ready for submission. Just convert it into the format it is required in and submit it.

 Nursing Case Study Tips and Tricks

The guide above and other information in this article should help you develop a good nursing case study analysis. Note that this guide focuses entirely on nursing case scenario-based papers, not research study-based nursing case studies. The tips and tricks in this section should help you ensure that the nursing case study analysis you create is excellent.

1. Begin early

The moment you see a nursing case study assignment prompt, identify a date to start writing it and create your own deadline to beat before the deadline stated in the prompt.

Do this and start writing your case study analysis early before your deadline. You will have plenty of time to do excellent research, develop an excellent paper, and edit your final paper as thoroughly as you want.

Most student nurses combine work and study. Therefore, if you decide to leave a nursing case study assignment until late to complete it, something could come up, and you could end up failing to submit it or submitting a rushed case study analysis.

2. Use the proper terminology

When writing an essay or any other academic paper, you are always encouraged to use the most straightforward language to make your work easy to understand. However, this is not true when writing a nursing case study analysis. While your work should certainly be easy to understand, you must use the right nursing terminology at every point where it is necessary. Failure to do this could damage your work or make it look less professional or convincing.

3. Avoid copying and pasting

If you are a serious nursing student, you know that copying and pasting are prohibited in assignments. However, sometimes copying and pasting can seem okay in nursing case studies. For example, it can seem okay to copy-paste the patient presentation. However, this is not okay. You are supposed to paraphrase the verbatim when presenting the patient presentation in your essay. You should also avoid copy-pasting information or texts directly. Every fact or evidence you research and find should be paraphrased to appear in your work. And it should be cited correctly.

4. Always ask for help if stuck

This is very important. Students are usually overwhelmed with academic work, especially a month or two to the end of the semester. If you are overwhelmed and think you will not have the time to complete your nursing case study analysis or submit a quality one, ask for help. Ask for help from a nursing assignment-help website like ours, and you will soon have a paper ready that you can use as you please. If you choose to get help from us, you will get a well-researched, well-planned, well-developed, and fully edited nursing case study.

5. Format your paper correctly

Many students forget to do proper formatting after writing their nursing case study analyses. Before you submit your paper, make sure you format it correctly. If you do not format your paper correctly, you will lose marks because of poor formatting. If you feel you are not very confident with your APA or Harvard formatting skills, send your paper to us to get it correctly formatted and ready for submission.

Now that you are all set up …

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We have experienced nursing experts available every day of the week to provide nursing assignment help. They can easily research and write virtually any nursing assignment, including a nursing case study. So, if the information provided in this article isn’t making you feel any optimistic about writing an excellent nursing case study, get help from us.

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How to Write a Nursing Case Study Analysis – Guide, Format, and Examples for Nursing Students

Wilson logan.

• August 6, 2022
• Nursing Writing Guides

What is a Nursing Case Study Analysis?

A case study analysis is a detailed examination of a specific real-world situation or event.

It is typically used in nursing school to help students learn how to analyze complex problems and make decisions based on limited information to support nursing care.

Preparing a good case study analysis is difficult and requires much time and effort. This article provides some tips on how to write a case study analysis that will help you get the most out of your research and provide a solid foundation for your writing.

A case study analysis requires you to investigate a nursing scenario, examine the alternative solutions, and propose the most effective solution using supporting evidence.

Nurses constantly make decisions that affect the lives of their patients. Nurses need strong problem-solving and critical-thinking skills to make these decisions correctly. Case studies are an excellent way for nurses to hone these skills.

This guide will help BSN, MSN, and DNP nursing students navigate the process of writing a nursing case study analysis, focusing on the format, steps, and key components.

How do you analyze a case study in nursing?

A nursing case study is an in-depth examination of a single individual. It is usually used to identify new areas of knowledge or to validate existing knowledge.

When analyzing a nursing case study, it is important to consider the following elements:

• The patient’s medical history. This includes any prior illnesses, treatments, and medications.
• The patient’s current condition. This includes symptoms, vital signs, and laboratory results.
• The nurse’s observations. This includes the nurse’s notes on the patient’s condition and behavior.
• The patient’s family and social history. This includes information on the patient’s family, friends, and social support network.
• The patient’s response to treatment, including any changes in the patient’s condition or symptoms after receiving treatment.

How Nursing Practitioners Can Analyze Patient’s Cases

As a nurse practitioner, you will often be asked to provide a case analysis for your patients. This can be a daunting task, but there are some key elements that you should always include in your analysis.

• The first element is the patient history. This should include any relevant medical history and any personal information that may be pertinent to the case.
• The second element is the physical examination. This should include a thorough patient examination, including any relevant test results.
• The third element is the diagnosis. This is where you will assess the patient’s condition and identify potential problems.
• The fourth element is the treatment plan. This is where you will outline the course of treatment you recommend for the patient.
• The fifth and final element is the prognosis. In this section, you will assess the likely outcome of the case based on the information you have gathered.

How to Write a Nursing Case Study Analysis

Format of a nursing case study analysis.

A nursing case study analysis typically follows a standard format, which includes:

• Introduction: Provide a brief overview of the patient, the diagnosis, and the purpose of the case study (Hooper, 2014).
• Patient History: Present the patient’s background, including age, gender, medical history, and any relevant social or family history (Smith, 2017).
• Nursing Assessment: Describe the patient’s current condition, including vital signs, physical examination findings, and any diagnostic tests or procedures (Jones, 2015).
• Nursing Diagnosis: Identify the primary nursing diagnosis based on the assessment findings, using NANDA International terminology (Herdman & Kamitsuru, 2019).
• Care Plan: Develop a comprehensive care plan that addresses the patient’s needs, including nursing interventions, rationale, and expected outcomes (Thompson, 2018).
• Evaluation: Discuss the patient’s response to the interventions and any modifications made to the care plan (Brown, 2016).
• Conclusion: Summarize the key points of the case study and discuss the implications for nursing practice (Davis, 2014).

Steps for conducting a case study in nursing research papers

• Choose a relevant case: Select a patient case that aligns with the purpose of your research paper and highlights important nursing concepts (Taylor, 2015).
• Gather information: Collect data from the patient’s medical record, nursing assessments, and any additional sources, such as interviews with the patient or family members (Wilson, 2017).
• Analyze the data: Identify patterns, trends, and significant findings in the patient’s data to inform your nursing diagnosis and care plan (Lee, 2016).
• Develop a nursing diagnosis: Use the NANDA International taxonomy to formulate a nursing diagnosis that accurately reflects the patient’s condition (Herdman & Kamitsuru, 2019).
• Create a care plan: Develop a comprehensive care plan that addresses the patient’s needs, including specific nursing interventions, rationale, and expected outcomes (Thompson, 2018).
• Evaluate the outcome: Discuss the patient’s response to the interventions and any modifications made to the care plan based on the patient’s progress (Brown, 2016).
• Write the case study: Follow the standard format for a nursing case study analysis, ensuring that each section is well-organized and supported by evidence from primary sources (Hooper, 2014).
• First, you will need to read over the case study thoroughly.
• Ensure you understand all of the information presented in the case study and note any key points or details that may be important.
• Once you understand the case study well, you must start planning your analysis. Consider your overall argument.
• What points do you want to make in your analysis?
• What evidence will you use to support these points?
• Once you have a good idea of what you want to say in your analysis, start organizing your thoughts and putting them into a coherent structure.
• Once you have a rough case study analysis outline, start filling in the details. Flesh out your arguments and provide evidence to support them. In addition, make sure to address any counterarguments that could be made against your points.
• Finally, conclude your analysis by summarizing your main points and providing any recommendations or suggestions for further action.

Presenting a Care plan and Nursing Assessment of the patient in a Case Study

When presenting a care plan and nursing assessment in a case study, it is essential to:

• Use a systematic approach: Follow a standardized format like the Nursing Process to ensure a comprehensive assessment and care plan.
• Include relevant data: Present pertinent information from the patient’s history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, and nursing assessments.
• Prioritize nursing diagnoses: Based on the patient’s condition, identify the most important nursing diagnoses and prioritize them according to urgency and significance.
• Develop patient-centered interventions: Create nursing interventions that are specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) and tailored to the patient’s individual needs.
• Provide rationale: Explain the reasoning behind each nursing intervention, linking it to evidence-based practice and the expected outcomes.
• Evaluate outcomes: Discuss the patient’s response to the interventions and any modifications made to the care plan based on the patient’s progress.

How to write case study analysis in nursing

To write a case study analysis in nursing, follow these steps:

• Introduction: Begin with a brief overview of the patient, the diagnosis, and the purpose of the case study.
• Patient History: Present the patient’s background, including age, gender, medical history, and any relevant social or family history.
• Nursing Assessment: Describe the patient’s current condition, including vital signs, physical examination findings, and any diagnostic tests or procedures.
• Nursing Diagnosis: Using NANDA International terminology, identify the primary nursing diagnosis based on the assessment findings.
• Care Plan: Develop a comprehensive care plan that addresses the patient’s needs, including nursing interventions, rationale, and expected outcomes.
• Evaluation: Discuss the patient’s response to the interventions and any modifications to the care plan.
• Conclusion: Summarize the key points of the case study and discuss the implications for nursing practice.

How to Structure a Nursing Case Study Analysis Paper

When structuring a nursing case study paper, it is essential to include specific information in each section to ensure a comprehensive and well-organized analysis. Here’s an extensive guide on what should be included in each section of the nursing case study analysis paper:

• The title of the case study should be concise, descriptive, and reflective of its main focus
• Include your name, academic credentials, and the institution where you are studying.
• Provide the date of submission
• Write a brief summary (usually 150-300 words) of the case study
• Include the purpose of the study, the main methods used, key results, and conclusions
• Highlight the most important points that will be discussed in the paper

Introduction

• Provide background information on the patient, including age, gender, and the primary reason for seeking medical care.
• Briefly describe the patient’s diagnosis and any relevant medical history.
• State the purpose of the case study and its significance to nursing practice.

Patient History

• Present a detailed account of the patient’s background, including past medical history, family history, social history, and any relevant lifestyle factors.
• Discuss the patient’s medications, allergies, and recent hospitalizations or surgeries.
• Include pertinent information about the patient’s physical, emotional, and cognitive status.

Nursing Assessment:

• Describe the patient’s condition, including vital signs, physical examination findings, and relevant diagnostic tests or procedures.
• Use a systematic approach, such as the head-to-toe assessment, to ensure a comprehensive patient evaluation.
• Discuss the patient’s chief complaint, symptoms, and any changes in their condition since admission.

Nursing Diagnosis

• Using NANDA International terminology, identify the primary nursing diagnosis based on the assessment findings.
• Provide a clear, concise statement that describes the patient’s health problem or potential risk.
• Include the related factors and defining characteristics that support the nursing diagnosis.
• Based on the nursing diagnosis, develop a comprehensive care plan that addresses the patient’s needs.
• Include specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals for each nursing intervention.
• Explain each intervention’s rationale, explaining how it will help achieve the desired outcomes.
• Discuss the implementation of the interventions, including any collaborative efforts with other healthcare professionals.
• Assess the patient’s response to the nursing interventions and discuss any changes in their condition (Brown, 2016).
• Evaluate the effectiveness of the care plan in achieving the desired outcomes (Wilson, 2017).
• Discuss any modifications to the care plan based on the patient’s progress or changes in their condition (Lee, 2016).
• Reflect on the overall nursing care provided and identify areas for improvement (Jones, 2015).
• Analyze the case study, applying relevant nursing theories and evidence-based practice guidelines.
• Compare the patient’s case to similar cases in the literature and discuss any unique aspects.
• Identify the strengths and weaknesses of the nursing care provided and recommend improvement.
• Discuss the implications of the case study for nursing practice, education, and research.
• Summarize the key points of the case study, including the primary nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes.
• Emphasize the importance of the case study for nursing practice and patient care.
• Provide a final reflection on the learning experience and how it contributes to your growth as a nursing professional.
• List all sources cited in the case study using the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).
• Ensure that all references are current, reliable, and relevant to the case study.
• Include a mix of primary and secondary sources, such as research articles, textbooks, and clinical guidelines.

10 Nursing Case Study Examples for Nursing Students

Tips for Writing a Nursing Case Study Analysis

When writing a nursing case study analysis, applying your theoretical knowledge, critical thinking skills, and clinical reasoning is essential to provide a thorough and evidence-based evaluation of the patient’s condition. Here are some tips to help you write a comprehensive nursing case study analysis:

• Start with a clear introduction that includes patient information, such as age, gender, and chief complaint. This will give the reader a clear picture of the patient’s background and medical situation.
• Provide a detailed medical history, including any chronic conditions, medications, allergies, and surgeries. This information will help you formulate nursing diagnoses and develop an appropriate nursing care plan.
• Include a family history section to identify any genetic diseases or chronic conditions that may be relevant to the patient’s current condition. This will help you understand potential complications and adjust treatment accordingly.
• Discuss the patient’s social history, including employment status, living situation, and alcohol/drug use. This information can provide insight into the patient’s lifestyle and its impact on their health.
• Perform a thorough physical examination and review of symptoms to identify any abnormalities contributing to the patient’s condition. This will help you determine the need for further medical attention or diagnostic testing.
• Analyze diagnostic test results, such as blood work, imaging tests, and biopsies, to confirm or rule out a diagnosis. This will help you develop an evidence-based treatment plan.
• Develop a comprehensive nursing care plan that includes nursing diagnoses, interventions, and expected outcomes. Ensure that the plan is based on evidence-based guidelines and tailored to the patient’s specific needs.
• Describe the rationale behind each intervention in the nursing care plan. This will demonstrate your application of theoretical knowledge and clinical reasoning skills.
• Evaluate the patient’s response to treatment and discuss any changes in their condition. This will help you assess the effectiveness of the nursing care plan and make necessary adjustments.
• Conclude with a clear prognosis based on your analysis of the patient’s condition and response to treatment. This will demonstrate your ability to synthesize information and make informed predictions about the patient’s outcomes.
• Use a logical and organized structure throughout your case study analysis. This will ensure that your document flows logically and is easy to follow.
• Engage in reflective practice by discussing what you found interesting or challenging about the case study. This will help you identify areas for further learning and professional growth.
• Collaborate with the healthcare team to ensure the patient receives comprehensive and coordinated care. This will help bridge the gap between theory and practice and promote optimal patient outcomes.

By following these tips, you can write a thorough and evidence-based nursing case study analysis demonstrating your critical thinking skills, clinical reasoning, and application of theoretical knowledge. Whether you are working on a free nursing case study or a more complex case, these tips will help you comprehensively evaluate the patient’s condition and develop an appropriate care plan.

• Brown, S. (2016). Evaluating nursing interventions in case studies. Journal of Nursing Education, 55(6), 345-351.
• Davis, L. (2014). Writing effective case study conclusions. Nursing Education Perspectives, 35(4), 268-269.
• Doenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., & Murr, A. C. (2016). Nursing care plans: Guidelines for individualizing client care across the life span. F.A. Davis.
• Herdman, T. H., & Kamitsuru, S. (Eds.). (2019). NANDA International nursing diagnoses: Definitions & classification, 2021-2023. Thieme Medical Publishers.
• Hooper, V. D. (2014). How to write a nursing case study. American Nurse Today, 9(8), 44-47.
• Jones, C. (2015). The importance of nursing assessments in case studies. Nursing Standard, 29(50), 42-48.
• Lee, J. (2016). Analyzing nursing care in case studies: A beginner’s guide. Nursing Education Today, 45, 142-146.
• Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Hall, A., & Stockert, P. A. (2019). Fundamentals of nursing. Elsevier.
• Smith, J. (2017). Presenting patient history in nursing case studies. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 7(11), 44-49.
• Taylor, C. R. (2015). Selecting relevant cases for nursing case studies. Nurse Educator, 40(4), 204-206.
• Thompson, C. J. (2018). Developing patient-centered care plans in nursing case studies. Nursing Education Perspectives, 39(3), 158-161.
• Wilson, L. (2017). Gathering data for nursing case studies: Best practices. Journal of Nursing Education, 56(10), 609-614.

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NOTE: The answers to the questions found in the NextGen NCLEX Test Bank  are only available in these faculty case studies. When students take the Test Bank questions, they will not get feedback on correct answers. Students and faculty should review test results and correct answers together.

The case studies are contained in 4 categories: Family (13 case studies), Fundamentals and Mental Health (14 case studies) and Medical Surgical (20 case studies). In addition the folder labeled minireviews contains PowerPoint sessions with combinations of case studies and standalone items. 

Family  ▾

• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - Pediatric
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• Volume 21, Issue 1
• What is a case study?
• Article Text
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• Roberta Heale 1 ,
• Alison Twycross 2
• 1 School of Nursing , Laurentian University , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada
• 2 School of Health and Social Care , London South Bank University , London , UK
• Correspondence to Dr Roberta Heale, School of Nursing, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E2C6, Canada; rheale{at}laurentian.ca

https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102845

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What is it?

Case study is a research methodology, typically seen in social and life sciences. There is no one definition of case study research. 1 However, very simply… ‘a case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person, a group of people or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units’. 1 A case study has also been described as an intensive, systematic investigation of a single individual, group, community or some other unit in which the researcher examines in-depth data relating to several variables. 2

Often there are several similar cases to consider such as educational or social service programmes that are delivered from a number of locations. Although similar, they are complex and have unique features. In these circumstances, the evaluation of several, similar cases will provide a better answer to a research question than if only one case is examined, hence the multiple-case study. Stake asserts that the cases are grouped and viewed as one entity, called the quintain . 6  ‘We study what is similar and different about the cases to understand the quintain better’. 6

The steps when using case study methodology are the same as for other types of research. 6 The first step is defining the single case or identifying a group of similar cases that can then be incorporated into a multiple-case study. A search to determine what is known about the case(s) is typically conducted. This may include a review of the literature, grey literature, media, reports and more, which serves to establish a basic understanding of the cases and informs the development of research questions. Data in case studies are often, but not exclusively, qualitative in nature. In multiple-case studies, analysis within cases and across cases is conducted. Themes arise from the analyses and assertions about the cases as a whole, or the quintain, emerge. 6

Benefits and limitations of case studies

If a researcher wants to study a specific phenomenon arising from a particular entity, then a single-case study is warranted and will allow for a in-depth understanding of the single phenomenon and, as discussed above, would involve collecting several different types of data. This is illustrated in example 1 below.

Using a multiple-case research study allows for a more in-depth understanding of the cases as a unit, through comparison of similarities and differences of the individual cases embedded within the quintain. Evidence arising from multiple-case studies is often stronger and more reliable than from single-case research. Multiple-case studies allow for more comprehensive exploration of research questions and theory development. 6

Despite the advantages of case studies, there are limitations. The sheer volume of data is difficult to organise and data analysis and integration strategies need to be carefully thought through. There is also sometimes a temptation to veer away from the research focus. 2 Reporting of findings from multiple-case research studies is also challenging at times, 1 particularly in relation to the word limits for some journal papers.

Examples of case studies

Example 1: nurses’ paediatric pain management practices.

One of the authors of this paper (AT) has used a case study approach to explore nurses’ paediatric pain management practices. This involved collecting several datasets:

Observational data to gain a picture about actual pain management practices.

Questionnaire data about nurses’ knowledge about paediatric pain management practices and how well they felt they managed pain in children.

Questionnaire data about how critical nurses perceived pain management tasks to be.

These datasets were analysed separately and then compared 7–9 and demonstrated that nurses’ level of theoretical did not impact on the quality of their pain management practices. 7 Nor did individual nurse’s perceptions of how critical a task was effect the likelihood of them carrying out this task in practice. 8 There was also a difference in self-reported and observed practices 9 ; actual (observed) practices did not confirm to best practice guidelines, whereas self-reported practices tended to.

Example 2: quality of care for complex patients at Nurse Practitioner-Led Clinics (NPLCs)

The other author of this paper (RH) has conducted a multiple-case study to determine the quality of care for patients with complex clinical presentations in NPLCs in Ontario, Canada. 10 Five NPLCs served as individual cases that, together, represented the quatrain. Three types of data were collected including:

Review of documentation related to the NPLC model (media, annual reports, research articles, grey literature and regulatory legislation).

Interviews with nurse practitioners (NPs) practising at the five NPLCs to determine their perceptions of the impact of the NPLC model on the quality of care provided to patients with multimorbidity.

Chart audits conducted at the five NPLCs to determine the extent to which evidence-based guidelines were followed for patients with diabetes and at least one other chronic condition.

The three sources of data collected from the five NPLCs were analysed and themes arose related to the quality of care for complex patients at NPLCs. The multiple-case study confirmed that nurse practitioners are the primary care providers at the NPLCs, and this positively impacts the quality of care for patients with multimorbidity. Healthcare policy, such as lack of an increase in salary for NPs for 10 years, has resulted in issues in recruitment and retention of NPs at NPLCs. This, along with insufficient resources in the communities where NPLCs are located and high patient vulnerability at NPLCs, have a negative impact on the quality of care. 10

These examples illustrate how collecting data about a single case or multiple cases helps us to better understand the phenomenon in question. Case study methodology serves to provide a framework for evaluation and analysis of complex issues. It shines a light on the holistic nature of nursing practice and offers a perspective that informs improved patient care.

• Gustafsson J
• Calanzaro M
• Sandelowski M

Competing interests None declared.

Provenance and peer review Commissioned; internally peer reviewed.

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10 nursing case study analysis examples [format + structure], bob cardens.

• August 6, 2022

If you are a nursing student, you may be asked to write a case study analysis. This can be a daunting task, but it is possible to do if you follow some simple steps. Here we include Nursing Case Study Analysis Examples to help you get started.

First, read the case study and make sure you understand the situation. Next, identify the key players involved and their role in the case. Finally, analyze the data presented and draw your own conclusions.

Writing a case study analysis can be challenging, but it is also an excellent way to learn more about nursing care. By taking the time to understand the situation and identify the key players, you will be able to gain valuable insights that can be applied to future cases.

What You'll Learn

10 Nursing Case Study Analysis Examples

Nursing Case study Analysis Format and Structure

When it comes to writing a case study analysis, there is no one-size-fits-all approach. However, there is a general format and structure that you can follow to ensure your analysis is well-organized and flows smoothly. Here are the basics:

A nursing case study is a detailed study of a patient that is encountered by a nurse. The purpose of the case study is to provide a comprehensive view of the patient’s health condition and history. Nurse practitioners use case studies to enhance their ability to care for patients by providing them with a more complete picture of the patient’s health. Nurse practitioners may use different formats for their nursing case studies. However, all case studies should include certain key elements. These key elements include:

As a nursing practitioner, you will be responsible for analyzing patient cases and providing care based on your findings. There are key elements that you must take into account when performing a case analysis in order to ensure that you are providing the best possible care for your patients.

• The first element is the patient’s history. You will need to obtain a complete medical history in order to understand the background of the case and identify any potential risk factors.
• Next, you will need to perform a physical examination of the patient. This will help you to identify any physical signs or symptoms that may be related to the case.
• You will also need to order and review any laboratory tests or imaging studies that have been performed on the patient. These results can provide valuable information about the patient’s condition.
• Once you have gathered all of this information, you will need to start piecing together the puzzle to form a diagnosis. This process will involve synthesizing all of the information you have gathered and making a determination about what is causing the patient’s symptoms.
• Once you have made a diagnosis, you can start developing a treatment plan. This plan should be tailored specifically to the needs of the individual patient.

When writing a nursing case study, nurse practitioners should use a clear and concise format. The format should be easy to follow and understand. Nurse practitioners should also include all of the key elements in their nursing case studies. Nursing Case Study Analysis Examples

How to write a case study assignment

A case study is an in-depth analysis of a real-life situation or incident, as a way to illustrate content and theory to students. It is usually presented as a written report, but can also be done in the form of a presentation, video, or multimedia production.

Case studies are used in many different disciplines, including business, law, psychology, nursing, social work, and medical sciences.

A case study assignment is a type of paper that requires you to analyze a real-life or fictional situation and offer possible solutions. This can be a challenging task, but if you follow some basic guidelines, you can write a successful case study assignment.

Here are some tips on how to write a case study assignment:

• Read the case study carefully. Make sure you understand the situation and the problem that needs to be solved.
• Research the subject matter. You will need to have a good understanding of the relevant theories and concepts in order to offer possible solutions.
• Read the case study carefully. This may seem obvious, but it is important to get a clear understanding of the situation before you start writing. Make sure you have all the relevant facts and figures to hand before you start.
• Identify the key issues. Once you have read and understood the case study, you need to identify the key issues that it raises. These will form the basis of your analysis.
• Research the law/theory applicable to the key issues. Once you have identified the key issues, you need to research the law or theory that applies to them. This will help you to form your arguments and conclusions.
• Write your paper. Be sure to present your analysis in a clear and concise manner. Your paper should be well-organized and well-written

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An evidence-based approach to a patient with sepsis

One of our expert writers has created this bespoke sample nursing case study that shows the quality that is guaranteed with every nursing paper ordered. Secure your academic success and place an order today or view our services .

• Undergraduate 2:1

Introduction

This essay will focus on the evidence-based approach to a patient with sepsis. Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response to infection (Polat et al., 2017). The importance of an evidence-based approach in nursing practice cannot be overstated. Indeed, evidence-based practice has been demonstrated to improve clinical outcomes, increase patient safety and even reduce healthcare costs (Considine and McGillivray, 2010, Peterson et al., 2008, Fineout-Overholt et al., 2005). An evidence-based approach requires knowledge of the robustness of the various types of studies sourced from the literature, as well as an adoption of a critically analytical mindset (Burns et al., 2011). To that end, relevant and up-to-date references shall be cited throughout this essay which contends with Mr. K, a 55-year-old gentleman. Mr. K's name and patient identifiers have been redacted and anonymized. This is in keeping with the guidelines put forth by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC); the NMC stipulates that patient privacy and confidentiality should be upheld by nurses (NMC, 2015).

Mr. K has a medical history of chronic hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). He is a chronic smoker and occasionally consumes alcohol socially. He has no relevant surgical history. Mr. K has been admitted twice in the past year for acute exacerbations of COPD. Although he has been prescribed with a short-acting beta agonist (SABA) , long-acting beta agonist (LABA), anti-cholinergic and inhaled corticosteroid, he is non-compliant with his prescribed pharmacotherapy and has defaulted on his pulmonology outpatient follow-up visits multiple times.

History & Physical Examination

History taking is a crucial component of clinical decision making (Kassirer et al., 2010). A targeted history in the emergency department reveals that Mr. K has experienced chest pain for the past three days that is associated with a purulent cough. The chest pain was sharp in nature and well-localized to the left lower thoracic region. There was no associated radiation. However, there was some nausea without vomiting. Although he has had a chronic cough for years, he verbalized (with difficulty) that the nature of his sputum had changed to become more viscous and purulent. He also described his cough as being more severe and frequent than usual, and had difficulty breathing as well. There was no associated haemoptysis. Mr. K reported that he had felt feverish and had experienced chills and rigors during the preceding night.

In the emergency department, Mr. K's vital signs were as follows:

• Temperature - 39.1 degrees Celsius
• Heart Rate: 140 beats per minute
• Blood Pressure: 90/50 mmHg
• Respiratory Rate: 28 breaths per minute
• Oxygen Saturation: 86% on room air
• Glasgow Coma Scale: 15

On inspection, Mr. K appeared to be toxic. He was in moderate respiratory distress as evidenced by his recruitment of accessory muscles of inspiration (e.g. sternocleidomastoid muscles) and the adoption of a seated tripod position. He could not complete full sentences during the history taking delineated above. He did not appear to be peripherally or centrally cyanosed. On auscultation, Mr. K's heart sounds were normal without any murmur or pericardial rub. There was reduced air-entry over the left middle-lower lung field which was associated with crepitations. The abdominal system and the systemic review of other organ systems was unremarkable. Based on the history and physical examination, Mr. K appeared to have an acute exacerbation of COPD secondary to pneumonia, which was further complicated by sepsis and impending septic shock.

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Pneumonia, Sepsis & Septic Shock

Based on his vital signs alone, Mr. K had an extremely high NEWS (National Early Warning Score) score of 14. This warranted an emergency assessment by a rapid response team with critical care competencies. Indeed, the NEWS score is a well-validated tool which replaced a plethora of early warning systems throughout the United Kingdom (Jones, 2012). The NEWS score is associated with clinical outcomes and mortality and can predict a patient's likelihood of being admitted into the intensive care unit (Abbott et al., 2015). Patients with a NEWS score exceeding 6 should be monitored on an hourly basis minimally (NEWS, 2017). To that end, Mr. K was transferred from the P2 (priority 2) area of the emergency department to the P1 (priority 1) area and worked up extensively. Although the main differential diagnosis was that of pneumonia, an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) still had to be excluded in view of Mr. K's chest pain. This is especially so as COPD is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease; Mr. K also had other independent risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension (Rothnie and Quint, 2016). A 12-lead electrocardiogram was performed and revealed no signs of ACS (e.g. T-wave inversions, reciprocal changes, ST-elevations/depressions).

While this investigation was performed, several nursing interventions were undertaken in accordance with the ABCDE approach. This approach is a widely adopted framework in emergency medicine and rapidly assesses the patient's airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure (Smith and Bowden, 2017). First, Mr. K's airway was deemed to be patient as he was capable of verbalizing. Second, supplemental oxygen was administered to him in order to reduce his effort of breathing by means of improving his oxygen saturation. It was prudent to ensure that his oxygen saturation remained between 88% and 92% (NICE, 2016), in order to avoid blunting his hypoxic drive (Brill and Wedzicha, 2014). As his respiratory distress was observed to improve shortly after this, a decision was made not to intervene with invasive ventilation (i.e. rapid sequence intubation). Third, in view of Mr. K's borderline blood-pressure, two large-bore intravenous cannulae were set over his antecubital fossae. 500 ml of normal saline was rapidly infused in order to address Mr. K's circulatory decompensation.

Sepsis and septic shock have a mortality of 30% and 50% respectively (Song et al., 2016). Shock is defined as an acute physiological perturbance which results in systemic signs and symptoms secondary to hypoperfused organ systems (Bonanno, 2011). Septic shock is further defined as a systemic inflammatory response to infection (Polat et al., 2017). In view of this, the Surviving Sepsis Guidelines (SSG) were enacted. The SSG mandate that a specific bundle be implemented by healthcare workers within one hour. This bundle consists of the early recognition of sepsis, obtaining blood cultures, administering intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotics, obtaining serum lactate and administering vasopressors if indicated (Milano et al., 2018). To that end, the establishment of circulatory access via intravenous cannulae was paramount. The same access was used to administer intravenous antibiotics. Prior to that, blood cultures and serum lactate (together with other haematological tests that assessed end-organ perfusion and ischaemia) were obtained.

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Septic Workup

Once Mr. K was stabilized, a full septic workup was commenced. A plain chest radiograph revealed lobar pneumonia in the left lung. A point-of-care urinalysis did not reveal any nitrites or leukocytes to suggest a urinary tract infection. At the same time, an arterial blood gas was obtained in order to assess Mr. K's acid-base status. Patients with acute exacerbations of COPD typically present with respiratory acidosis secondary to hypercapnia (Bruno and Valenti, 2012). A further one litre of normal saline was administered to Mr. K intravenously as an infusion in order to maintain his mean arterial pressure above 60mmHg. Mr. K's capillary glucose was also checked to ensure that he was not hyperglycaemic nor hypoglycaemic. Severe hyperglycaemia at admission is associated with an increased 30-day mortality in both diabetics and non-diabetics (van Vught et al., 2016). Mr. K's anti-hypertensive medications were temporarily suspended in view of his septic shock, and his oral hypoglycaemic agents (e.g. metformin) were titrated according to his glycaemic state. An oral steroid (prednisolone) was prescribed as there is strong evidence for its utility in severe exacerbations of COPD (Wedzicha et al., 2017).

Mr. K was subsequently transferred to the high-dependency ward for frequent monitoring. His family was updated of his diagnosis and apprised of his progress throughout his high-dependency and subsequent general ward stay. Mr. K was managed by a multi-disciplinary team including a medical social worker, a pulmonologist, a dietician and a pharmacist. His intravenous antibiotics were eventually oralised to Augmentin (co-amoxiclav) as his blood cultures grew Streptococcus pneumoniae. In taking a patient-centred approach, Mr. K's financial situation was taken into consideration. Hence, a referral was made to a medical social worker in order to provide Mr. K and his family with the appropriate financial counselling.

Mr. K presented with an acute exacerbation of COPD which was secondary to lobar pneumonia and further complicated by sepsis and septic shock. He required an escalation to P1 within the emergency department in view of a severe NEWS score. He also required the institution of the SSG. Several evidence-based nursing interventions were undertaken. These include the obtaining intravenous access, delivering supplemental oxygen, obtaining blood cultures and other associated haematological tests as well as administering fluid resuscitation amongst others. Nurses should endeavour to practice evidence-based medicine throughout their daily clinical practice in order to achieve optimal patient outcomes. This case study has demonstrated the utility of an evidence-based practice in clinical decision making, as well as in rationalizing decisions undertaken by the medical team.

Abbott, T. E., Vaid, N., Ip, D., Cron, N., Wells, M., Torrance, H. D. and Emmanuel, J. (2015) 'A single-centre observational cohort study of admission National Early Warning Score (NEWS)', Resuscitation, 92, pp. 89-93.

Bonanno, F. G. (2011) 'Clinical pathology of the shock syndromes', J Emerg Trauma Shock, 4(2), pp. 233-43.

Brill, S. E. and Wedzicha, J. A. (2014) 'Oxygen therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease', International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 9, pp. 1241-1252.

Bruno, C. M. and Valenti, M. (2012) 'Acid-base disorders in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pathophysiological review', J Biomed Biotechnol, 2012, pp. 915150.

Burns, P. B., Rohrich, R. J. and Chung, K. C. (2011) 'The levels of evidence and their role in evidence-based medicine', Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 128(1), pp. 305-310.

Considine, J. and McGillivray, B. (2010) 'An evidence-based practice approach to improving nursing care of acute stroke in an Australian Emergency Department', J Clin Nurs, 19(1-2), pp. 138-44.

Fineout-Overholt, E., Melnyk, B. M. and Schultz, A. (2005) 'Transforming health care from the inside out: advancing evidence-based practice in the 21st century', J Prof Nurs, 21(6), pp. 335-44.

Jones, M. (2012) 'NEWSDIG: The National Early Warning Score Development and Implementation Group', Clinical medicine (London, England), 12(6), pp. 501-503.

Kassirer, J. P., Wong, J. B. and Kopelman, R. I. (2010) 'Learning clinical reasoning'.

Milano, P. K., Desai, S. A., Eiting, E. A., Hofmann, E. F., Lam, C. N. and Menchine, M. (2018) 'Sepsis Bundle Adherence Is Associated with Improved Survival in Severe Sepsis or Septic Shock', West J Emerg Med, 19(5), pp. 774-781.

National Early Warning Score (NEWS) ' Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS', Available Online: https://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/projects/outputs/national-early-warning-score-news-2 , Accessed On: 9 Nov 2019

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults', Available Online: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs10/chapter/Quality-statement-6-Emergency-oxygen-during-an-exacerbation , [Accessed On: 9 Nov 2019]

Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) 'The Code, Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates', Available Online: https://www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc-publications/nmc-code.pdf , Accessed On: 9 Nov 2019

Peterson, E. D., Bynum, D. Z. and Roe, M. T. (2008) 'Association of evidence-based care processes and outcomes among patients with acute coronary syndromes: performance matters', J Cardiovasc Nurs, 23(1), pp. 50-5.

Polat, G., Ugan, R. A., Cadirci, E. and Halici, Z. (2017) 'Sepsis and Septic Shock: Current Treatment Strategies and New Approaches', The Eurasian journal of medicine, 49(1), pp. 53-58.

Rothnie, K. J. and Quint, J. K. (2016) 'Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute myocardial infarction: effects on presentation, management, and outcomes', European heart journal. Quality of care & clinical outcomes, 2(2), pp. 81-90.

Smith, D. and Bowden, T. (2017) 'Using the ABCDE approach to assess the deteriorating patient', Nurs Stand, 32(14), pp. 51-63.

Song, J. E., Kim, M. H., Jeong, W. Y., Jung, I. Y., Oh, D. H., Kim, Y. C., Kim, E. J., Jeong, S. J., Ku, N. S., Kim, J. M. and Choi, J. Y. (2016) 'Mortality Risk Factors for Patients with Septic Shock after Implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Bundles', Infection & chemotherapy, 48(3), pp. 199-208.

van Vught, L. A., Wiewel, M. A., Klein Klouwenberg, P. M., Hoogendijk, A. J., Scicluna, B. P., Ong, D. S., Cremer, O. L., Horn, J., Bonten, M. M., Schultz, M. J. and van der Poll, T. (2016) 'Admission Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Sepsis Patients: Association With Outcome and Host Response', Crit Care Med, 44(7), pp. 1338-46.

Wedzicha, J. A. E. C.-C., Miravitlles, M., Hurst, J. R., Calverley, P. M., Albert, R. K., Anzueto, A., Criner, G. J., Papi, A., Rabe, K. F., Rigau, D., Sliwinski, P., Tonia, T., Vestbo, J., Wilson, K. C. and Krishnan, J. A. A. C.-C. (2017) 'Management of COPD exacerbations: a European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society guideline', Eur Respir J, 49(3).

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How to Write a Nursing Case Study [Examples, Format, & Tips]

✒️ case study topics for nursing students.

• 🩺️ The Basics
• 💉 Nursing Case Study: Writing Rules

📑 Nursing Case Study Format

📝 nursing case study examples.

• ⏱️ Tips on Quick Writing

🔗 References

A nursing case study is an in-depth analysis of the health situation of an individual patient.

The analysis is based on:

• medical history,
• other relevant criteria.

In most cases, you will be asked to diagnose to suggest the first aid measures. Alternatively, nurses can be asked to describe a patient in their practice and analyze the correctness of their actions. The purpose is to recreate a realistic hospital setting in the classroom and make students reflect on the treatment process from diagnosis to treatment.

• Anaphylactic shock in a teenager with peanut allergy.
• Non-compliant patient with diabetes: ways to improve adherence.
• Telehealth intervention for managing chronic disease.
• Communication strategies to address vaccine hesitancy in a rural community.
• Postpartum hemorrhage in a new mother: risk factors and interventions.
• Ways to improve recognition of dehydration in aging adults.
• The effective ways of maintaining work-life balance for nurses.
• Cultural competency in providing care to migrants and refugees.
• Why should every patient’s medical history remain confidential?
• The use of massage therapy in relieving pain.
• The challenges facing medicine in 2024.
• How does modern technology impact nursing?
• The significance of regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider.
• What are the primary treatments for postpartum depression?
• The use of steroids in cancer treatment.

🩺️ Nursing Case Study: What Is It About?

As a nursing student, you should understand that no two patients are the same. Each has a unique clinical record and condition. And although most nursing case study tasks will ask you to suggest a diagnosis or treatment, your focus should rest on the patient.

Busy nurses can sometimes see their patients in the framework of an illness to be treated or a procedure to be fulfilled. But you should do your best to remember that each patient is a living person with a complex set of needs, emotions, and preferences. A ready-made textbook answer is rarely the best solution for them. Moreover, it rarely helps to analyze a condition in isolation from the patient.

In a nursing case study, your task is to analyze a disorder or illness as a part of a specific medical situation. If you don’t do that, your case study becomes an essay (theoretical and generalized). It is the difference between the two assignment types.

Once again:

A case study in nursing emphasizes the particular patient’s condition. Meanwhile, a nursing essay will explore the disease, prevention methods, treatment, or possible consequences of the disease.

Even if the case is hypothetical, it should focus on the suggested reality. On the other hand, essays are usually literature-based. You are expected to do some reading for a case study too, but you should research and present the information within the context of the patient. In simple terms, a case study uses information in the actual application, and an essay uses it for the sake of generalized suggestions.

💉 How to Write a Nursing Case Study: 3 Key Rules

• Do the fieldwork. Before setting your hands to writing, you should collect all of the available materials: clinical notes, results of medical tests, x-rays, sickness records, etc. Use this information to draw a clear picture of the story. It is always helpful to ask yourself, “What is interesting or unusual about this patient’s condition?” In the course of writing, recall your answer from time to time not to get lost in words. It will help you to convey a definite and appropriate message.

• Stick to the facts. A nursing case study should be an accurate description of the actual situation. Restrain from speculating about the inherent mechanisms of the illness or the general treatment methodology. In fact, students are rarely prepared enough to discuss pathology and physiology. Leave this to reputable experts. The best result you can provide in a case study is an honest account of clinical events.
• Concentrate on the patients and their progress. Remember that a nursing case study is a story of a patient’s progress and not a narrative about their nurse. No matter how efficiently the medical specialist acted, it would be incorrect to add any praiseful remarks. The optimal way is to tell the story in its logical and time order and outline the result of treatment. In this case, the outcome will speak for itself.

Introduction

It is where you should tell the reader why this case is interesting . Place your study in a social or historical context. If, during your preliminary research, you found some similar cases, describe them briefly. If you had a hard time diagnosing the patient or your proposed treatment is complicated, mention it here. Don’t forget to cite the references to each of them!

The introduction should not exceed several paragraphs. The purpose is to explain why the reader will benefit from reading about the case.

Case Presentation

• Why did the patient seek medical help? (Describe the symptoms.)
• What is known about the patient? (Mention only the information that influenced your diagnosis. Otherwise, explain why some information is irrelevant to the diagnosis.)
• Stick to the narrative form. (Make it a story!)
• What are the variants for diagnosis? (Make a shortlist of possible disorders that fall under the patient’s symptoms. But make it specific: not just “pneumonia” but “bilateral pneumonia,” for example. Besides, this point is optional.)
• What were the results of your clinical examination? (If you saw the patient in person.)
• Explain the results of lab tests. (The words “positive” or “negative” are not always clear.)

Actions and Their Results

This section describes the care that has been provided and/or is planned. You can answer the following questions in narrative form . If some information is missing, skip the point:

• What preliminary actions have been taken? (Be specific: not just “wound care,” but “wound cleaning and dressing.”)
• How long has the patient been under care?
• Has the previous treatment given any visible result?
• Why was it suspended or finished?
• Why did the patient withdraw from treatment (if applicable)?
• How could you improve the patient’s condition if the result was negative?
• If the disease is incurable (like in the case of diabetes), which activities would stabilize the patient’s condition?
• If possible, include the patient’s reports of their own physical and mental health.

In this section, you should identify your questions about the case. It is impossible to answer all of them in one case study. Likewise, it is unreal to suggest all the relevant hypotheses explaining the patient’s condition. Your purpose is to show your critical thinking and observation skills. Finalize your conclusion by summarizing the lessons you learned from the nursing case study.

Whenever you directly or indirectly cite other sources or use data from them, add these books and documents to the references list. Follow the citation style assigned by your professor. Besides, 15 items are already too much. Try to make a list of up to 10. Using textbooks as references can be viewed as bad manners.

Include all the tables, photographs, x-rays, figures, and the journal of medication usage in this section. Unless required otherwise in the assignment, start each item from a new page, naming them “Appendix A,” “Appendix B…”.

Below you will find case study samples for various topics. Using them as a reference will improve your writing. If you need more ideas, you are welcome to use our free title-generating tool .

• Case study: healing and autonomy.
• Sara’s case study: maternal and child nursing.
• COPD medical diagnostics: case study.
• Care standards in healthcare institutions: case study.
• Acute bacterial prostatitis: case study analysis.
• Alzheimer disease: the patient case study.
• The treatment of foot ulcers in diabetic patients: case study.
• Hypertension: C.D’s case study.
• Myocardial infarction: cardiovascular case study.
• Major depressive disorder case.
• Case study of the patient with metabolic syndrome .
• Pulmonary analysis case study .
• Older adults isolation: Case study .
• The holistic care: Case study .
• Obesity in the Elderly: The Case Study.
• Medical ethics: Case study .
• Patient diagnoses and treatment: Case study .
• Obesity case study: Mr. C .
• Nurse Joserine: Case study problems .
• Chronic stable angina: Case study .
• Fetal abnormality: Case study .
• Researching SOAP: Case study .
• Case study for a patient with hormonal disorders .
• “Walking the Tightrope”: A case study analysis .
• ARNP approach: Case study analysis .
• Case study on biomedical ethics in the Christian narrative .
• Thermal injury: Case study .
• Ethical dilemma in nursing: Case study .
• Asthma: A case study of the patient .
• Asthma discharge plan: Mini case study .
• Case study: An ethics of euthanasia .
• Case study: Head-to-toe assessment steps .
• Pain management strategies: Case study .
• Case study: Inflammatory bowel disease .
• Sleep deprivation and insomnia: The case study .
• The case study of a heart failure .
• Porphyria cutanea tarda: Disease case study .
• Case study: Hardy Hospital case summary .
• Obesity and its complications: Case study .
• Angina disease case study .
• Nursing ethics case study .
• Case study of a patient: Assessment and treatment plan .
• Cecile case study: Mrs. J .
• Nursing power in the emergency department: Case study .
• Heart failure case study: Mrs. J .
• Application of ethics in nursing: Case study .
• Sudden visual impairment: Case study .
• Epidemiology case study: Outbreak at Watersedge — Public health discovery game .
• Wellness of senior citizens: Case study .
• Healthcare organization evaluation: Case study of Banner Health .

⏱️ Bonus: Tips on Writing a Case Study in Record Time

Need to prepare a case study on nursing or in another field? Below you’ll find a collection fo tips that will help you do it as quickly as possible!

3 Shortcuts for a Quick Start

If you’re about to start writing a case study, you should check yourself if you’re not doing any of the following:

• spending too much time on selecting a topic;
• reading too much before selecting a topic;
• making conclusions too early – creating bias.

Instead of killing time doing the three useless things discussed above, consider these:

• Choose approach. Note that there are 2 major approaches to case studies: the analytical approach (investigating possible reasons without making any conclusions) and problem-oriented approach (focusing on a particular problem and investigating it).
• Skim some sources (DON’T READ THEM). Select several sources. Simply skim abstracts and conclusions.
• Start making notes early. Simply reading is ineffective unless you’re lucky to have a phenomenal memory. Always make notes of any useful arguments.

4 Shortcuts Not to Get Stuck in the Middle

Even if you kick started your case study, it’s too early to celebrate it. Consider the following traps in the middle of the project:

• Watch the structure. The classic logical structure is your formula of success. It will help you move from one point to another without the unnecessary procrastination:
• Respect the logic. Make your case study flow – make logical transitions between the different parts and make it consistent. Avoid changing your position throughout the paper.
• Be detail-oriented. Any trifle deserves attention when you write a case study.
• Avoid bias. Be sure that all your opinions are based on the specific arguments form the case study. Avoid pouring your biased views into the project.

3 Shortcuts for a Happy Ending

• Offer a realistic solution. College case study is a rehearsal of real-life situations. Take the responsibility for your suggestions.
• Keep your conclusion short. Avoid repeating the details and don’t include any new information.
• Consider creating a Power Point. If your task is not only writing a case study, but also presenting it – why not create PowerPoint slides to help you?

As the last step on your way to a perfect nursing case study, prepare the title page. Its format usually depends on the professor’s requirements. But if you know the citation style, our Title Page Maker is a perfect tool to apply the right formatting and accelerate the process. And if you have any know-how on how to write a medical case study, you are very welcome to share it with other students in the comments below.

❓ Nursing Case Study: FAQ

What is a case study in nursing.

A nursing case study explores the condition of a patient. It is based on previous clinical records, lab reports, and other medical and personal information. A case study focuses on the patient and describes the treatment that was (or should be) applied and its (expected) outcome.

How to Write a Nursing Case Study?

• Collect the bulk of data available about the patient.
• Read literature about the diagnosed condition.
• Focus on the individual patient and their symptoms.
• Describe the situation and outline its development in time.
• Analyze the actions of the medical personnel that have been done.
• Plan further treatment of the patient.

Why Are Case Studies Good for Nursing Students?

Nursing case studies offer you a priceless opportunity to gain experience of different patient conditions and cure methods without visiting the clinic. You can think about whether the proposed treatment was appropriate or wrong and suggest a better solution. And the best thing, your teacher will indicate your mistakes (and no patient will be hurt in the process).

Why Are Case Studies Important in Nursing?

• You learn to distinguish the relevant data and analyze it.
• You learn to ask the right questions.
• You learn to evaluate the severity of symptoms.
• You learn to make better diagnoses.
• You train your critical thinking in terms of treatment methods
• Case studies are in-class simulators of authentic atmosphere in a clinical ward.
• What is a case study? | Evidence-Based Nursing
• Case Studies – Johns Hopkins Medicine
• Case Study Research Design in Nursing
• Case study report for Nursing | Learning Lab – RMIT University
• Case Study or Nursing Care Study? – jstor

Research Paper Analysis: How to Analyze a Research Article + Example

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Nursing Case Study Introduction

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Nursing Case Studies

This nursing case study course is designed to help nursing students build critical thinking.  Each case study was written by experienced nurses with first hand knowledge of the “real-world” disease process.  To help you increase your nursing clinical judgement (critical thinking), each unfolding nursing case study includes answers laid out by Blooms Taxonomy  to help you see that you are progressing to clinical analysis.We encourage you to read the case study and really through the “critical thinking checks” as this is where the real learning occurs.  If you get tripped up by a specific question, no worries, just dig into an associated lesson on the topic and reinforce your understanding.  In the end, that is what nursing case studies are all about – growing in your clinical judgement.

Nursing Case Studies Introduction

Cardiac nursing case studies.

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GI/GU Nursing Case Studies

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Obstetrics Nursing Case Studies

Respiratory nursing case studies.

• 10 Questions

Pediatrics Nursing Case Studies

• 3 Questions
• 12 Questions

Neuro Nursing Case Studies

Mental health nursing case studies.

• 9 Questions

Metabolic/Endocrine Nursing Case Studies

Other nursing case studies.

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Only practiced & well-educated experts can perform writing tasks in nursing well. Therefore, we cooperate with the best pros with either MS or PhD degrees.

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A case study is a detailed analysis of a specific situation, event, or person. In the medical field, they often focus on a patient or group of patients with a particular medical condition or disease. So writing a medical case study is directly related to examining the causes, symptoms, treatments, and outcomes of an individual issue.

This report represents a real-world example of how a problem was solved or how a particular situation was managed. It provides a detailed account of the steps taken to resolve a particular issue, the challenges faced, and the outcomes achieved. In the medical field, case studies, akin to reflective journaling for nursing students , serve as valuable sources of information on patient care, treatment outcomes, and medical research.

Why Are Case Studies Important in the Medical Field?

With the help of case studies in nursing, healthcare practitioners can gain invaluable insights into the best procedures for treating patients and any potential complications and treatment outcomes by studying real-life situations. By effectively using this knowledge, they will be able to offer more effective care that could save lives.

Benefits of Case Study Nursing

• Real-world Examples: Case study reports provide real-world examples of how a particular problem was solved or managed.
• Detailed Insights: These reports provide healthcare professionals with detailed information about a specific patient’s medical history, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and results. This information can help healthcare professionals to understand better a disease, condition, or treatment being studied. For example, a report on a patient with a rare disease can provide valuable information on how to diagnose and treat the disease.
• Evidence-Based Practice: Nursing case studies for students can contribute to medical research by providing valuable data on individual patient situations. This data can be used to develop new treatments and improve existing ones. Additionally, case studies can provide insights into the effectiveness of different treatments in specific patient populations. For example, a report on a patient with a specific genetic mutation can provide information on how that mutation affects the results of treatment.
• Education: These reports provide a way to share information about rare or unusual medical conditions, allowing medical professionals to learn from each other’s experiences and improve patient care.
• Marketing: They are often used as marketing tools to demonstrate the effectiveness of a particular product or service.

Limitations of Nursing Case Studies

Case studies also have some limitations, including:

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• Limited Generalizability: Since they focus on individual patients, the findings may not be applicable to a broader patient population. For example, a report on a patient with a rare disease may not be applicable to patients with more common diseases.
• Subjectivity: Case studies for nursing students are often conducted by healthcare professionals who have a vested interest in the outcome. This can lead to potential biases in the data collected and analyzed. For example, a report on a new drug may be run by a pharmaceutical company, which could lead to bias in the results.
• Ethical Concerns: There are ethical considerations when conducting case studies, particularly when it comes to patient privacy and confidentiality. Healthcare professionals must obtain informed consent from the patient before creating a case report. Additionally, they must ensure that the patient’s identity is protected throughout the report.

What Makes a Good Nursing Case Study?

There are a few key elements that can make all the difference in creating a nursing case study that resonates with your audience.

• Clear and concise presentation: Good nurses case studies should present information in a concise manner. This means using straightforward and jargon-free language while also providing enough detail to give readers a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
• Thorough research and analysis: This includes gathering relevant data, reviewing patient charts, and interviewing healthcare professionals involved in the case. By doing so, you’re able to create a study that is both informative and insightful.
• Emphasis on patient outcomes: A good report should emphasize patient outcomes, highlighting how the nursing interventions implemented improved the patient’s condition or quality of life. This can help readers understand the impact of nursing care on patient health and well-being.
• Attention to ethical considerations: The researcher must ensure patient privacy and confidentiality are maintained, obtain informed consent from patients or their families, and avoid any conflicts of interest that could compromise the integrity of the report.
• Use of visual aids: Including visual aids such as charts, graphs, and images can help readers better understand the case and the nursing interventions implemented.

Nursing Case Study Examples

Nursing case study examples are excellent tools to allow students to put their knowledge and expertise into practice in a real-world context. They are especially helpful for complex, hard-to-solve issues with unclear solutions. Let’s take a look at one of the case study nursing examples for nursing students below. Besides, we invite you to watch a short video about nursing case study questions where experts share useful tips for working with them.

Pediatric Case Studies for Nursing Students

Pediatric studies are in-depth examinations of specific situations involving children, including their medical history, diagnosis, treatment, and overall progress. They provide nursing students with an opportunity to gain real-world experience and develop critical thinking and problem-solving skills by analyzing complex scenarios. Through these case studies, nursing students are able to learn to assess and prioritize the needs of their patients, identify potential health issues, and develop appropriate care plans.

Mental Health Case Studies for Nursing Students

Nursing students have an unparalleled opportunity to apply their understanding of mental health issues in real-world situations by studying diverse mental health case studies. Through these reports, they’re able to observe and analyze patients struggling with emotional distress, such as depression, anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and other psychological ailments, before constructing treatment plans for them.

Medical Surgical Nursing Case Studies for Nursing Students

As a nursing student, it is typical to come across a range of medical cases that require surgery. Medical surgical nursing case studies are necessary for students to learn about the procedures and understand the various approaches taken to treat patients with different medical conditions.

Case studies nursing are detailed descriptions of patient medical histories, including symptoms, diagnoses, and treatment procedures. They’re used to provide students with examples of real-life situations that healthcare providers face daily. These case studies are often presented in a problem-solving format that allows students to apply their knowledge and skills to identify possible diagnoses, develop treatment plans, and evaluate patient outcomes.

Steps to Creating Nurses Case Studies

Identifying a suitable case.

To carry out nurse case studies, the first step is to identify a suitable case. The selection should be based on the research objectives, the nature of the medical condition, and the availability of data. A suitable subject should have a complex medical history, multiple treatment interventions, and measurable outcomes.

For example, a suitable subject would be cancer case studies for nursing students, as cancer presents a broad range of symptoms and treatments. Examining the medical history can provide a deeper understanding of the disease process, patient care strategies, and evidence-based practices for improving outcomes.

Another example is pediatric case studies for nursing students, which often involve multiple treatments providing an ideal platform for learning about patient safety and prevention strategies.

Mental health case studies for nursing students can offer insight into the complexities of mental health conditions, as well as interventions for managing psychiatric symptoms.

No matter what type of report you are considering, it is important to get all the relevant facts before making a decision. This includes information on the patient’s physical condition and medical history, as well as any treatments that have been administered.

Collecting Relevant Data

Once a suitable subject has been identified, the next step is to collect relevant data. Data collection can involve multiple sources, including medical records, interviews with patients and their family members, observations of their behavior, and laboratory test results. It’s important to ensure that the data collected is comprehensive, accurate, and relevant to the research objectives.

Analyzing the Data

After collecting the data, the next step is to analyze it. Data analysis involves the identification of patterns, relationships, and trends in the data. It can be useful to organize the data into categories or themes to aid in the analysis process.

Developing the Narrative

Once the data has been analyzed, the next step is to develop the case study narrative. The narrative should clearly, concisely, and accurately describe the patient’s medical history, treatment interventions, and outcomes. It should be written in a way that is accessible to a wide range of medical practitioners, including nurses, doctors, and other healthcare professionals.

Drawing Conclusions and Making Recommendations

The final step in carrying out a case report in the medical nursing field is to draw conclusions and make recommendations. You can check case study examples for nursing students and online nursing papers on the best way to draw conclusions. Typically, the conclusions should be based on the data analysis and should provide insights into the effectiveness of the treatment interventions. The recommendations should be evidence-based and should provide guidance on the best treatment approaches for similar cases.

Our service offers high-quality nursing case report paper types that are tailored to your needs. So whether you need help starting your nursing report or you want us to handle the whole project, we’re readily available to help. Contact us now to learn more!

Election latest: Farage on defensive after supporters caught on camera making racist, murderous and homophobic remarks

Rishi Sunak has spoken out after a Reform UK supporter was filmed making racist comments about him - with party leader Nigel Farage forced on to the defensive. Meanwhile, Sir Keir Starmer has distanced himself from a Labour colleague's previous criticism of Donald Trump.

Friday 28 June 2024 17:31, UK

• General Election 2024

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• Sunak: Farage supporter using racial slur 'makes me angry'
• Farage on defensive after supporters filmed making racist, murderous and homophobic comments
• Police 'urgently assessing' comments to see if 'criminal offences' committed
• Reform UK racism and homophobia scandal: What do we know?
• Starmer says he would resign if Labour lost badly
• Analysis : Sunak's tetchiness over betting scandal speaks volumes
• PM accuses Farage of Putin 'appeasement'
• Rylan would 'love' to get into politics
• Politics at Jack and Sam's : The last weekend
• Live reporting by Ben Bloch

Election essentials

• Manifesto pledges: Conservatives | Greens | Labour | Lib Dems | Plaid | Reform | SNP
• Trackers:  Who's leading polls? | Is PM keeping promises?
• Campaign Heritage:  Memorable moments from elections gone by
• Follow Sky's politics podcasts:  Electoral Dysfunction | Politics At Jack And Sam's
• Read more:  Who is standing down? | Key seats to watch | What counts as voter ID? | Check if your constituency is changing | Guide to election lingo
• How to watch election on Sky News

Last night, Channel 4 broadcast a report in which a Reform UK campaigner called Rishi Sunak a "P***".

Asked about this today, the prime minister told broadcasters: "Well, my two daughters have to see and hear Reform people who campaign for Nigel Farage calling me an effing 'P***'.

"It hurts, and it makes me angry, and I think he has some questions to answer. 

"And I don't repeat those words lightly. I do so deliberately because this is too important not to call out clearly for what it is."

Asked about repeating the word the Reform supporter used, he said: "I hate having to do it, I chose my words deliberately, I hate having to repeat them, absolutely hate it.

"But I also think it's important to call this out for what it is and be clear about what it is."

The general secretaries of big trade unions got their chequebooks out and handed over nearly £2m to the Labour Party as election day approaches.

Once again, cash is pouring into Sir Keir Starmer's party, with donations totalling £3.3m last week, compared to just £375,000 for the Conservative Party.

The latest weekly league table of political donations, published by the Electoral Commission, confirms that cash is rolling in to Labour and Tory donors are on strike.

Nearly half of Labour's £3.3m donations last week came in a £1.49m cheque from the public sector union Unison, the country's biggest union with 1.3m members.

The shopworkers' union Usdaw handed over a donation of £300,000 and another of £14,500. Community donated £25,000, the GMB £14,320, the Fire Brigades Union £11,725.

The most eye-catching Tory donation listed by the Electoral Commission was £18,000 from Robert Jenrick, the former immigration minister with leadership ambitions.

Sources have told Sky News, however, that in fact the donation to national party funds came not from Mr Jenrick personally, but from his Tory association in Newark, where he is the candidate.

With their donors on strike, nearly half the Tories' £375,000 in donations last week came from the party's own fundraising, with £170,000 coming from proceeds from a spring lunch and a party lottery.

Donations to the Liberal Democrats and Reform UK, higher than those to the Tories the previous week, were down. The Lib Dems received £193,945 and Reform UK just £99,000, including £20,000 from Pimlico Plumbers boss Charlie Mullins.

The latest figures confirm that the Conservatives' election war chest under Rishi Sunak’s leadership is almost bare, and their finances are as dire as their opinion poll ratings.

In the previous week the Tories received £292,500 in donations, while Labour received a breathtaking £4,383,400, largely due to a £2.5m cheque from Lord Sainsbury of the supermarket dynasty.

A week ago, therefore, Sir Keir's party appeared to be relying more on millionaires than union barons for its election fighting fund. That has now changed, and normal service has been resumed.

Here is the full list of candidates standing in the Newark constituency:

• Michael Ackroyd, Green Party
• Saj Ahmad, Labour Party
• Adrian Charles Amer, Independent Network
• Matthew Darrington, English Democrats
• Lyn Gailbraith, Indepedent
• Robert Jenrick, Conservative Party
• Robert Palmer, Reform UK
• Collan Siddique, Workers Party of Great Britain
• David Watts, Liberal Democrats

By Gurpreet Narwan , political correspondent

Britain could soon have its most diverse parliament ever but how will voters from ethnically diverse communities behave at the ballot box?

The voting trends of such groups are incredibly complex and varied. There is no single narrative but several themes stick out from YouGov's exclusive polling for Sky News.

Most notably, the handling of the conflict in the Middle East has damaged the two major parties in the eyes of British Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities. This is something the Labour Party, in particular, is very sensitive too.

Labour have historically fared well with these voters and 53% of ethnic minority voters we polled said they would vote for the party - that's a greater lead than polls we've done with the general population.

However, the Tories fare worse among ethnic minority voters on the whole - in this poll they are neck and neck with the Green Party at 14%.

But, if we drill into the detail, 32% of British Indians said they would vote Conservative - 12% higher than the general population. This is a good reminder that there is a huge variation in voting trends among communities.

Reform UK polled much worse with ethnically diverse communities than the population at large - they're on 7% - but they're still one point above the Lib Dems.

Read Gurpreet's full piece here:

TV presenter Rylan Clark has said he would "love" to become a politician - and replace the party system with a "Power Rangers of government" model.

The TV personality, 35, joined political editor Beth Rigby and former Scottish Conservative leader Baroness Ruth Davidson for this week's Sky News Electoral Dysfunction podcast.

Asked if he would ever consider the career change, he said: "If I wasn't in the job that I was in, I would love nothing more."

Rylan, who won Celebrity Big Brother and also appeared on the X Factor, appeared on the podcast in place of Labour candidate Jess Phillips after tweeting his praise for Rigby on the day Rishi Sunak announced the general election.

Sharing a clip of her and Sky presenter Sophy Ridge outside a rainy Downing Street waiting for Mr Sunak to appear at the lectern, he said: "Obsessed with the Rigby."

Speaking to her and Davidson, he said his "obsession" with politics began with Brexit - "as we've seen so many promises which weren't fulfilled" since then.

He added: "I lie there at night sometimes, and I think about [Volodymyr] Zelenskyy. He hosted one of the same shows I've hosted in Ukraine."

The TV presenter also shared his idea of abandoning political parties altogether.

Read the full story here: 

Our live poll tracker collates the results of opinion surveys carried out by all the main polling organisations - and allows you to see how the political parties are performing in the run-up to the general election.

With under a week to go, the Tories and Labour have taken a drop, while support for Reform UK and the Liberal Democrats is on the rise.

Read more about the tracker  here .

We've just been hearing from the leader of the Liberal Democrats, and he was asked about the Channel 4 report showing Reform activists using a racial slur about the prime minister and using homophobic language.

Speaking on a campaign visit to Little Paxton, Cambridgeshire, Sir Ed Davey said: "I heard the comments on the television, and they were clearly racist, homophobic and abhorrent, and I hope the party deals with these and any other people who speak like this."

We've just had a statement from Essex Police after Reform activists were heard using a racial slur about the prime minister and using homophobic language.

The force said in a statement: "We are aware of comments made during a Channel 4 News programme and we are urgently assessing them to establish if there are any criminal offences."

The footage, captured by an undercover Channel 4 reporter in Clacton, where Mr Farage is a candidate, showed Reform campaigner Andrew Parker calling Mr Sunak a "P***", and suggesting migrants should be used as "target practice".

He also described Islam as a "disgusting cult".

Another canvasser described the Pride flag as "degenerate" and suggested members of the LGBT community were paedophiles.

Mr Farage has sought to distance himself from the inflammatory comments,  saying he was "dismayed"  by the "appalling sentiments" expressed.

By Megan Harwood-Baynes , digital investigations reporter

Reform and Labour have bought up advertising on two major national news sites in a bid to sway voters in the remaining days before the general election.

When looking at MailOnline, Nigel Farage's stern face beams down from both the main banner and the left of the site.

Their manifesto - which have they been calling their "contract" with the public - is pasted down the side of the news website.

Meanwhile, Labour, perhaps in a bid to emulate 1992's "It's the Sun Wot Won It" front page, have pasted their advertising all over The Sun online.

With a countdown to 4 July, they also bemoan "14 years of Tory chaos".

Crucially, neither of these papers have openly endorsed a candidate, although a regular reader may be forgiven for not noticing this nuance.

In 1992, The Sun claimed credit for the victory of the Conservative Party, after openly campaigning to drive voters away from the then-Labour leader Neil Kinnock.

It is regularly cited as demonstrative of the influence the tabloid press could have over politicians and elections.

So far, the Daily Telegraph has come out in support of the Tories, while the Guardian, Daily Mirror, Economist, New Statesman and Daily Record have all backed the Labour Party.

The Times, The Sun and the Daily Mail have not endorsed anyone, and the Daily Star has taken the unusual (but perhaps unsurprising) approach of supporting Count Binface, labelling him the "most sane politician in the UK".

And while the Mirror has already backed Labour, and despite - at first glance - appearing to be plastered with advertising for the party, the red banners promising "change" are actually for coffee brand Nespresso.

Sky News has been looking at the advertising as part of the Online Election project - a Sky News initiative to cover how the campaign is playing out online, led by Tom Cheshire , Online Campaign correspondent .

We also found  one party has been dominating social media  - but it's not the one spending the most.

Reform UK has been dominating, with its page growing by more than 32,000 followers over the course of the campaign. 

Meanwhile, the Tories have only seen 596 new followers.

Sixteen of the top 20 most-loved posts were also from Mr Farage.

And for some Tories, the only brand has been seen as so bad, that  some have ditched it altogether .

There has been uproar today about comments made by Reform UK supporters.

So what do we know?

Channel 4 publishes expose

On Thursday evening, Channel 4 publish an article about racism and homophobia being used by Reform UK canvassers.

This included undercover footage of a man called Andrew Parker in Mr Farage's constituency, who used a racial slur about Rishi Sunak.

He also said young army recruits should be sent to "f****** just shoot" migrants arriving on the beach in Kent.

Another Reform supporter made homophobic comments, describing the Pride flag as "degenerate" and suggesting members of the LGBT community were paedophiles.

Party leader Nigel Farage said he was "dismayed" by the comments.

Allegations of impropriety

By Friday morning, Mr Farage and his deputy Richard Tice were challenging the reporting, alleging that Mr Parker was an actor and insisting the whole thing "stinks".

Sky News spoke to Mr Parker. He says that while he has worked as an actor, he was volunteering for Reform.

He denied taking money, and said he supported Mr Farage.

Channel 4 also said they did not pay anyone and stood by their reporting.

Sunak reacts

At 1pm, Mr Sunak reacted to what had been said. 

He repeated the word used by Mr Parker - "P***" - and said it "hurts" and makes him "angry".

He also said his two daughters had to hear it being said.

Sir Keir Starmer earlier declined to say that Mr Farage was racist - but said the words used were.

Farage doubles down

Fifteen minutes later, Mr Farage appeared on ITV show Loose Women.

He doubled down on his suggestion that the incident had somehow been staged, without providing details.

The Reform leader says he had previously met Mr Parker - and claimed the man was putting on "an act right from the start".

Mr Farage said: "I have to tell you, this whole thing was a complete and total set-up, I have no doubt about that."

By Darren McCaffrey, political correspondent, in Teeside

I've spent much of the last five weeks with the prime minister, dozens of visits, dozens of questions. But I've never seen him as angry as today.

The broadcast last night of a Reform canvasser making a targeted racist slur against the prime minister has left Rishi Sunak not just angry - but hurt too. 

When asked why he had deliberately decided to repeat the slur itself in an interview, he said it was not something he wanted to do.

"I hate it, I hate having to do it, I choose my words deliberately, I hate it, but I have to call it out for what it is," he said.

On a personal level, this clearly matters to the prime minister and his desire to protect his family. 

He has mentioned his daughters having to hear racism like this several times.

Politically, the Conservatives are hoping that this will also make voters think twice about Reform and about Nigel Farage. 

When I asked Mr Sunak if he would now describe Reform as a racist party - he wouldn't go that far, but suggested "Nigel Farage has questions to answer".

Reform UK leader Nigel Farage is appearing on ITV's Loose Women.

He doubles down on the suggestions that Channel 4 - or a production company - paid a Reform supporter to say racist things about the prime minister.

Andrew Parker, referred to Rishi Sunak as a "P***" and said young army recruits should be sent to "f****** just shoot" migrants arriving on the beach in Kent.

Mr Parker has spoken to Sky News and denied he took any money, while praising Mr Farage.

He has worked as an actor but says he was volunteering when he was caught on undercover camera making the remarks.

Mr Farage claimed "no one speaks" how the man spoke in the footage and that he was putting on an accent.

Mr Parker used the same voice as he did in the Channel 4 video when he spoke to Sky.

The Reform UK leader adds that the whole thing was "a set up" - and that "something is wrong here".

Asked about other Reform supporters who were seen making homophobic comments, Mr Farage says the group were "drunk" after watching the football, and were "vulgar" and "wrong" and "gone" from the party.

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