presentation on heart disease

• Heart Disease
• What Is Heart Disease?
• Are You at Risk?
• Types of Heart Disease
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
• Tests & Diagnosis
• Interventions
• Medications
• Living With
• View Full Guide

Heart Disease: Types, Causes, and Symptoms

There are many types of heart disease, and each one has its own symptoms and treatment. For some, lifestyle changes and medicine can make a huge difference in improving your health. For others, you may need surgery to make your ticker work well again.

Find out about some of the common types of heart disease and how to prevent them as well as how they're treated.

CAD is the most common heart problem. With CAD, you may get blockages in your coronary arteries -- the vessels that supply blood to your heart. That can lead to a decrease in the flow of blood to your heart muscle, keeping it from getting the oxygen it needs. The disease usually starts as a result of atherosclerosis, a condition sometimes called hardening of the arteries.

Coronary heart disease can give you pain in your chest, called angina, or lead to a heart attack .

Some things that may put you at a higher risk of coronary artery disease are:

• Age (For men, the risk of heart disease goes up after age 55; for women, the risk rises sharply after menopause.)
• Being inactive
• Having diabetes or metabolic syndrome
• Family history of coronary heart disease
• High blood pressure
• High levels of LDL "bad" cholesterol or low levels of HDL "good" cholesterol

Heart Arrhythmias

When you have an arrhythmia , your heart has an irregular beating pattern. Serious arrhythmias often develop from other heart problems but may also happen on their own.

• Heart Failure

With heart failure, your heart doesn't pump blood as well as it should to meet your body's needs. It is usually caused by coronary artery disease, but it can also happen because you have thyroid disease, high blood pressure, heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), or certain other conditions.

Heart Valve Disease

Your heart has four valves that open and close to direct blood flow between your heart's four chambers, the lungs , and blood vessels. An abnormality could make it hard for a valve to open and close the right way. When that happens, your blood flow could be blocked or blood can leak. Your valve may not open and close right.

The causes of heart valve problems include infections such as rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, high blood pressure, coronary artery disease, or as a result of a heart attack.

Diseases of the heart valves include:

• Endocarditis. This is an infection that's usually caused by bacteria, which may enter the blood and take root in your heart during illness, after surgery, or after using intravenous drugs. It often happens if you already have valve problems. Antibiotics can usually cure it, but the disease is life-threatening without treatment. If your heart valves are seriously damaged as a result of endocarditis, you may need valve replacement surgery.
• Rheumatic  heart disease. This condition develops when your heart muscle and valves are damaged by rheumatic fever, which is linked to strep throat and scarlet fever. Rheumatic heart disease was more common earlier in the 20th century. But doctors are now able to prevent it by using antibiotics to treat the diseases that lead to it. If you do get it, the symptoms usually show up many years after the infection.

Pericardial Disease

Any disease of the pericardium , the sac that surrounds your heart, is called a pericardial disease. One of the more common diseases is pericarditis or inflammation of the pericardium.

It's usually caused by an infection with a virus, inflammatory diseases such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis, or injury to your pericardium. Pericarditis often follows open heart surgery.

Cardiomyopathy (Heart Muscle Disease)

Cardiomyopathy is a disease of your heart muscle, or myocardium. It gets stretched, thickened, or stiff. Your heart may get too weak to pump well.

There are many possible causes of the disease, including genetic heart conditions, reactions to certain drugs or toxins (such as alcohol), and infections from a virus. Sometimes, chemotherapy causes cardiomyopathy. Many times, doctors can't find the exact cause.

Congenital Heart Disease

Congenital heart disease happens when something goes wrong while the heart is forming in a baby that's still in the womb. The heart abnormality sometimes leads to problems right after birth, but other times there aren't any symptoms until you become an adult.

Septal abnormalities are among the most common congenital heart problems. These are holes in the wall that separates the left and right sides of your heart. You can get a procedure to patch the hole.

Another type of abnormality is called pulmonary stenosis . A narrow valve causes a decrease in the flow of blood to your lungs. A procedure or surgery can open or replace the valve.

In some babies, a small blood vessel known as the ductus arteriosus doesn't close up at birth as it should. When this happens, some blood leaks back into the pulmonary artery, which puts strain on your heart. Doctors can treat this with surgery or a procedure or sometimes with medication.

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AHA Clinical Update Slides

• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2024 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease (PPTX) Published: May 14, 2024
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2024 Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Guideline (PPTX) Published: May 8, 2024
• Clinical Update: 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation Published: November 30, 2023
• Clinical Update Slide Set: Novel Prediction Equations for Absolute Risk Assessment of Total Cardiovascular Disease Incorporating Cardiovascular-Kidney Metabolic Health Slide Set (PPTX) Published: November 10, 2023
• Clinical Update Slide Set: Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health: A 2023 Presidential Advisory From the AHA (PPTX) Published: October 9, 2023
• Clinical Update Slide Set: Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Health (PPTX) Published: October 9, 2023
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2023 Chronic Coronary Disease Guideline (PPTX) Published: July 20, 2023
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2023 Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Guideline (PPTX) Published: May 23, 2023
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2022 Aortic Disease Guideline (PPTX) Published: November 2, 2022
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2022 Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Guideline (PPTX) Published: May 17, 2022
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2022 Heart Failure Guideline (PPTX) Published: April 1, 2022
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2021 Coronary Artery Revascularization Guideline (PPTX) Published: December 9, 2021
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2021 Chest Pain Guideline (PPTX) Published: October 28, 2021
• 2021 Prevention of Stroke in Patients With Stroke and TIA Guideline (PPTX) Published: May 24, 2021
• Clinical Update Slide Set: 2020 Valvular Heart Disease Guideline (PPTX) Published: December 17, 2020

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Ischemic Heart Disease

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Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs)

• Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally.
• An estimated 17.9 million people died from CVDs in 2019, representing 32% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, 85% were due to heart attack and stroke.
• Over three quarters of CVD deaths take place in low- and middle-income countries.
• Out of the 17 million premature deaths (under the age of 70) due to noncommunicable diseases in 2019, 38% were caused by CVDs.
• Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by addressing behavioural risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet and obesity, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol.
• It is important to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible so that management with counselling and medicines can begin.

What are cardiovascular diseases?

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of disorders of the heart and blood vessels. They include:

• coronary heart disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the heart muscle;
• cerebrovascular disease – a disease of the blood vessels supplying the brain;
• peripheral arterial disease – a disease of blood vessels supplying the arms and legs;
• rheumatic heart disease – damage to the heart muscle and heart valves from rheumatic fever, caused by streptococcal bacteria;
• congenital heart disease – birth defects that affect the normal development and functioning of the heart caused by malformations of the heart structure from birth; and
• deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism – blood clots in the leg veins, which can dislodge and move to the heart and lungs.

Heart attacks and strokes are usually acute events and are mainly caused by a blockage that prevents blood from flowing to the heart or brain. The most common reason for this is a build-up of fatty deposits on the inner walls of the blood vessels that supply the heart or brain. Strokes can be caused by bleeding from a blood vessel in the brain or from blood clots.

What are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

The most important behavioural risk factors of heart disease and stroke are unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use and harmful use of alcohol. The effects of behavioural risk factors may show up in individuals as raised blood pressure, raised blood glucose, raised blood lipids, and overweight and obesity. These “intermediate risks factors” can be measured in primary care facilities and indicate an increased risk of heart attack, stroke, heart failure and other complications.

Cessation of tobacco use, reduction of salt in the diet, eating more fruit and vegetables, regular physical activity and avoiding harmful use of alcohol have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Health policies that create conducive environments for making healthy choices affordable and available are essential for motivating people to adopt and sustain healthy behaviours.

There are also a number of underlying determinants of CVDs. These are a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic and cultural change – globalization, urbanization and population ageing. Other determinants of CVDs include poverty, stress and hereditary factors.

In addition, drug treatment of hypertension, diabetes and high blood lipids are necessary to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent heart attacks and strokes among people with these conditions. 

What are common symptoms of cardiovascular diseases?

Symptoms of heart attacks and strokes.

Often, there are no symptoms of the underlying disease of the blood vessels. A heart attack or stroke may be the first sign of underlying disease. Symptoms of a heart attack include:

• pain or discomfort in the centre of the chest; and/or
• pain or discomfort in the arms, the left shoulder, elbows, jaw, or back.

In addition the person may experience difficulty in breathing or shortness of breath; nausea or vomiting; light-headedness or faintness; a cold sweat; and turning pale. Women are more likely than men to have shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, and back or jaw pain.

The most common symptom of a stroke is sudden weakness of the face, arm, or leg, most often on one side of the body. Other symptoms include sudden onset of:

• numbness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body;
• confusion, difficulty speaking or understanding speech;
• difficulty seeing with one or both eyes;
• difficulty walking, dizziness and/or loss of balance or coordination;
• severe headache with no known cause; and/or
• fainting or unconsciousness.

People experiencing these symptoms should seek medical care immediately.

What is rheumatic heart disease?

Rheumatic heart disease is caused by damage to the heart valves and heart muscle from the inflammation and scarring caused by rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever is caused by an abnormal response of the body to infection with streptococcal bacteria, which usually begins as a sore throat or tonsillitis in children.

Rheumatic fever mostly affects children in developing countries, especially where poverty is widespread. Globally, about 2% of deaths from cardiovascular diseases are related to rheumatic heart disease.

Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease

Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease include: shortness of breath, fatigue, irregular heartbeats, chest pain and fainting.

Symptoms of rheumatic fever include: fever, pain and swelling of the joints, nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting.

Why are cardiovascular diseases a development issue in low- and middle-income countries?

At least three-quarters of the world's deaths from CVDs occur in low- and middle-income countries. People living in low- and middle-income countries often do not have the benefit of primary health care programmes for early detection and treatment of people with risk factors for CVDs. People in low- and middle-income countries who suffer from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases have less access to effective and equitable health care services which respond to their needs. As a result, for many people in these countries detection is often late in the course of the disease and people die at a younger age from CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases, often in their most productive years.

The poorest people in low- and middle-income countries are most affected. At the household level, evidence is emerging that CVDs and other noncommunicable diseases contribute to poverty due to catastrophic health spending and high out-of-pocket expenditure. At the macro-economic level, CVDs place a heavy burden on the economies of low- and middle-income countries.

How can the burden of cardiovascular diseases be reduced?

The key to cardiovascular disease reduction lies in the inclusion of cardiovascular disease management interventions in universal health coverage packages, although in a high number of countries health systems require significant investment and reorientation to effectively manage CVDs.

Evidence from 18 countries has shown that hypertension programmes can be implemented efficiently and cost-effectively at the primary care level which will ultimately result in reduced coronary heart disease and stroke. Patients with cardiovascular disease should have access to appropriate technology and medication. Basic medicines that should be available include:

• beta-blockers;
• angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; and

An acute event such as a heart attack or stroke should be promptly managed.

Sometimes, surgical operations are required to treat CVDs. They include:

• coronary artery bypass;
• balloon angioplasty (where a small balloon-like device is threaded through an artery to open the blockage);
• valve repair and replacement;
• heart transplantation; and
• artificial heart operations.

Medical devices are required to treat some CVDs. Such devices include pacemakers, prosthetic valves, and patches for closing holes in the heart.

WHO response

In 2013, WHO Member States agreed on global mechanisms to reduce the avoidable NCD burden including a "Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020". This Plan aims to reduce the number of premature deaths from NCDs by 25% by 2025 through nine voluntary global targets. Two of the targets directly focus on preventing and controlling CVDs.

Target 6: Reduce global prevalence of raised blood pressure by 25% between 2010 and 2025.

Target 8: At least 50% of eligible people should receive drug therapy and counselling (including glycaemic control) to prevent heart attacks and strokes by 2025.

In addition, target 9 states that there should be 80% availability of the affordable basic technologies and essential medicines, including generics, required to treat major NCDs in both public and private facilities.

Achieving these targets will require significant investment in and strengthening of health systems.

WHO is currently working on increasing the normative guidance available for the management of acute coronary syndrome and stroke which will provide guidance in these important areas.

Related links

• Global action plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020
• Health topic: cardiovascular diseases

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• Continuing Education Activity

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and its blood vessels. A wide array of problems can arise within the cardiovascular system, a few of which include endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and conduction system abnormalities. Cardiovascular disease, also known as heart disease, refers to the following 4 entities: coronary artery disease (CAD) which is also referred to as coronary heart disease (CHD), cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD), and aortic atherosclerosis. CAD results from decreased myocardial perfusion that causes angina due to ischemia and can result in myocardial infarction (MI), and/or heart failure. It accounts for one-third to one-half of all cases of cardiovascular disease. Cerebrovascular disease is the entity associated with strokes, also termed cerebrovascular accidents, and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is arterial disease predominantly involving the limbs that may result in claudication. Aortic atherosclerosis is the entity associated with thoracic and abdominal aneurysms. This activity reviews the evaluation and treatment of cardiovascular disease and the role of the medical team in evaluating and treating these conditions.

• Review the cause of coronary artery disease.
• Describe the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
• Summarize the treatment options for heart disease.
• Outline the evaluation and treatment of cardiovascular disease and the role of the medical team in evaluating and treating this condition.
• Introduction

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart and blood vessels. [1]  There is a wide array of problems that may arise within the cardiovascular system, for example, endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, abnormalities in the conduction system, among others, cardiovascular disease (CVD) or heart disease refer to the following 4 entities that are the focus of this article [2] :

• Coronary artery disease (CAD): Sometimes referred to as Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), results from decreased myocardial perfusion that causes angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and/or heart failure. It accounts for one-third to one-half of the cases of CVD.
• Cerebrovascular disease (CVD): Including stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA)
• Peripheral artery disease (PAD): Particularly arterial disease involving the limbs that may result in claudication
• Aortic atherosclerosis:  Including thoracic and abdominal aneurysms

Although CVD may directly arise from different etiologies such as emboli in a patient with atrial fibrillation resulting in ischemic stroke, rheumatic fever causing valvular heart disease, among others, addressing risks factors associated to the development of atherosclerosis is most important because it is a common denominator in the pathophysiology of CVD.

The industrialization of the economy with a resultant shift from physically demanding to sedentary jobs, along with the current consumerism and technology-driven culture that is related to longer work hours, longer commutes, and less leisure time for recreational activities, may explain the significant and steady increase in the rates of CVD during the last few decades. Specifically, physical inactivity, intake of a high-calorie diet, saturated fats, and sugars are associated with the development of atherosclerosis and other metabolic disturbances like metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension that are highly prevalent in people with CVD. [3] [2] [4] [5]

According to the INTERHEART study that included subjects from 52 countries, including high, middle, and low-income countries, 9 modifiable risks factors accounted for 90% of the risk of having a first MI: smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, consumption of fruits and vegetables, regular alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity. It is important to mention that in this study 36% of the population-attributable risk of MI was accounted to smoking. [6]

Other large cohort studies like the Framingham Heart Study [7] and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) [5] have also found a strong association and predictive value of dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, smoking, and glucose intolerance. Sixty percent to 90% of CHD events occurred in subjects with at least one risk factor.

These findings have been translated into health promotion programs by the American Heart Association with emphasis on seven recommendations to decrease the risk of CVD: avoiding smoking, being physically active, eating healthy, and keeping normal blood pressure, body weight, glucose, and cholesterol levels. [8] [9]

On the other hand, non-modifiable factors as family history, age, and gender have different implications. [4] [7] Family history, particularly premature atherosclerotic disease defined as CVD or death from CVD in a first-degree relative before 55 years (in males) or 65 years (in females) is considered an independent risk factor. [10] There is also suggestive evidence that the presence of CVD risk factors may differently influence gender. [4] [7]  For instance, diabetes and smoking more than 20 cigarettes per day had increased CVD risk in women compared to men. [11] Prevalence of CVD increases significantly with each decade of life. [12]  

The presence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), [13]  history of mediastinal or chest wall radiation, [14]  microalbuminuria, [15] , increased inflammatory markers [16] [17]  have also been associated with an increased rate and incidence of CVD. 

Pointing out specific diet factors like meat consumption, fiber, and coffee and their relation to CVD remains controversial due to significant bias and residual confounding encountered in epidemiological studies. [18] [19]

• Epidemiology

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain among the 2 leading causes of death in the United States since 1975 with 633,842 deaths or 1 in every 4 deaths, heart disease occupied the leading cause of death in 2015 followed by 595,930 deaths related to cancer. [2]  CVD is also the number 1 cause of death globally with an estimated 17.7 million deaths in 2015, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). The burden of CVD further extends as it is considered the most costly disease even ahead of Alzheimer disease and diabetes with calculated indirect costs of $237 billion dollars per year and a projected increased to $368 billion by 2035. [20]

Although the age-adjusted rate and acute mortality from MI have been declining over time, reflecting the progress in diagnosis and treatment during the last couple of decades, the risk of heart disease remains high with a calculated 50% risk by age 45 in the general population. [7] [21]  The incidence significantly increases with age with some variations between genders as the incidence is higher in men at younger ages. [2]  The difference in incidence narrows progressively in the post-menopausal state. [2]

• Pathophysiology

Atherosclerosis is the pathogenic process in the arteries and the aorta that can potentially cause disease as a consequence of decreased or absent blood flow from stenosis of the blood vessels. [22]

It involves multiple factors dyslipidemia, immunologic phenomena, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. These factors are believed to trigger the formation of fatty streak, which is the hallmark in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque [23] ; a progressive process that may occur as early as in the childhood. [24]  This process comprises intimal thickening with subsequent accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages (foam cells) and extracellular matrix, followed by aggregation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells constituting the formation of the atheroma plaque. [25]  As this lesions continue to expand, apoptosis of the deep layers can occur, precipitating further macrophage recruitment that can become calcified and transition to atherosclerotic plaques. [26]

Other mechanisms like arterial remodeling and intra-plaque hemorrhage play an important role in the delay and accelerated the progression of atherosclerotic CVD but are beyond the purpose of this article. [27]

• History and Physical

The clinical presentation of cardiovascular diseases can range from asymptomatic (e.g., silent ischemia, angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease without symptoms, among others) to classic presentations as when patients present with typical anginal chest pain consistent of myocardial infarction and/or those suffering from acute CVA presenting with focal neurological deficits of sudden onset. [28] [29] [28]

Historically, coronary artery disease typically presents with angina that is a pain of substernal location, described as a crushing or pressure in nature, that may radiate to the medial aspect of the left upper extremity, to the neck or the jaw and that can be associated with nausea, vomiting, palpitations, diaphoresis, syncope or even sudden death. [30]  Physicians and other health care providers should be aware of possible variations in symptom presentation for these patients and maintain a high index of suspicion despite an atypical presentation, for example, dizziness and nausea as the only presenting symptoms in patients having an acute MI [31] ), particularly in people with a known history of CAD/MI and for those with the presence of CVD risk factors. [32] [33] [34] [33] [32]  Additional chest pain features suggestive of ischemic etiology are the exacerbation with exercise and or activity and resolution with rest or nitroglycerin. [35]

Neurologic deficits are the hallmark of cerebrovascular disease including TIA and stroke where the key differentiating factor is the resolution of symptoms within 24 hours for patients with TIA. [36]  Although the specific symptoms depend on the affected area of the brain, the sudden onset of extremity weakness, dysarthria, and facial droop are among the most commonly reported symptoms that raise concern for a diagnosis of a stroke. [37] [38]  Ataxia, nystagmus and other subtle symptoms as dizziness, headache, syncope, nausea or vomiting are among the most reported symptoms with people with posterior circulation strokes challenging to correlate and that require highly suspicion in patients with risks factors. [39]

Patients with PAD may present with claudication of the limbs, described as a cramp-like muscle pain precipitated by increased blood flow demand during exercise that typically subsides with rest. [40] Severe PAD might present with color changes of the skin and changes in temperature. [41]  

Most patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm will be asymptomatic, but symptoms can develop as it progresses from subtle symptoms from compression to surrounding tissues causing cough, shortness of breath or dysphonia, to the acute presentation of sudden crushing chest or back pain due to acute rupture. [42]  The same is true for abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) that cause no symptoms in early stages to the acute presentation of sudden onset of abdominal pain or syncope from acute rupture. [43]

A thorough physical examination is paramount for the diagnosis of CVD. Starting with a general inspection to look for signs of distress as in patients with angina or with decompensated heart failure, or chronic skin changes from PAD. Carotid examination with the patient on supine position and the back at 30 degrees for the palpation and auscultation of carotid pulses, bruits and to evaluate for jugular venous pulsations on the neck is essential. Precordial examination starting with inspection, followed by palpation looking for chest wall tenderness, thrills, and identification of the point of maximal impulse should then be performed before auscultating the precordium. Heart sounds auscultation starts in the aortic area with the identification of the S1 and S2 sounds followed by characterization of murmurs if present. Paying attention to changes with inspirations and maneuvers to correctly characterize heart murmurs is encouraged. Palpating peripheral pulses with bilateral examination and comparison when applicable is an integral part of the CVD examination. [44]

Thorough clinical history and physical exam directed but not limited to the cardiovascular system are the hallmarks for the diagnosis of CVD. Specifically, a history compatible with obesity, angina, decreased exercise tolerance, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, syncope or presyncope, and claudication should prompt the clinician to obtain a more detailed history and physical exam and, if pertinent, obtain ancillary diagnostic test according to the clinical scenario (e.g., electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes for patients presenting with chest pain). 

Besides a diagnosis prompted by clinical suspicion, most of the efforts should be oriented for primary prevention by targeting people with the presence of risk factors and treat modifiable risk factors by all available means. All patient starting at age 20 should be engaged in the discussion of CVD risk factors and lipid measurement. [9]  Several calculators that use LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol levels and the presence of other risk factors calculate a 10-year or 30-year CVD score to determine if additional therapies like the use of statins and aspirin are indicated for primary prevention, generally indicated if such risk is more than ten percent. [10]  Like other risk assessment tools, the use of this calculators have some limitations, and it is recommended to exert precaution when assessing patients with diabetes and familial hypercholesterolemia as their risk can be underestimated. Another limitation to their use is that people older than 79 were usually excluded from the cohorts where these calculators were formulated, and individualized approach for these populations is recommended by discussing risk and benefits of adjunctive therapies and particular consideration of life expectancy. Some experts recommend a reassessment of CVD risk every 4 to 6 years. [9]

Preventative measures like following healthy food habits, avoiding overweight and following an active lifestyle are pertinent in all patients, particularly for people with non-modifiable risk factors such as family history of premature CHD or post-menopause. [9] [8]

The use of inflammatory markers and other risk assessment methods as coronary artery calcification score (CAC) are under research and have limited applications that their use should not replace the identification of people with known risk factors, nonetheless these resources remain as promising tools in the future of primary prevention by detecting people with subclinical atherosclerosis at risk for CVD. [45]

• Treatment / Management

Management of CVD is very extensive depending on the clinical situation (catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke, angioplasty for peripheral vascular disease, coronary stenting for CHD); however, patients with known CVD should be strongly educated on the need for secondary prevention by risk factor and lifestyle modification. [9] [46]

• Differential Diagnosis
• Acute pericarditis
• Angina pectoris
• Artherosclerosis
• Coronary artery vasospasm
• Dilated cardiomyopathy
• Giant cell arteritis
• Hypertension
• Hypertensive heart disease
• Kawasaki disease
• Myocarditis

The prognosis and burden of CVD have been discussed in other sections.

• Complications

The most feared complication from CVD is death and, as explained above, despite multiple discoveries in the last decades CVD remains in the top leading causes of death all over the world owing to the alarming prevalence of CVD in the population. [2]  Other complications as the need for longer hospitalizations, physical disability and increased costs of care are significant and are the focus for health-care policymakers as it is believed they will continue to increase in the coming decades. [20]

For people with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFreEF) of less than 35%, as the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias is exceedingly high in these patients, current guidelines recommend the implantation of an implantable-cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for those with symptoms equivalent to a New York Heart Association (NYHA) Class II-IV despite maximal tolerated medical therapy. [47]

Strokes can leave people with severe disabling sequelae like dysarthria or aphasia, dysphagia, focal or generalized muscle weakness or paresis that can be temporal or cause permanent physical disability that may lead to a complete bedbound state due to hemiplegia with added complications secondary to immobility as is the higher risk of developing urinary tract infections and/or risk for thromboembolic events. [48] [49]

There is an increased risk of all-cause death for people with PAD compared to those without evidence of peripheral disease. [50]  Chronic wounds, physical limitation, and limb ischemia are among other complications from PAD. [51]

• Consultations

An interprofessional approach that involves primary care doctors, nurses, dietitians, cardiologists, neurologists, and other specialists is likely to improve outcomes. This has been shown to be beneficial in patients with heart failure, [52]  coronary disease, [53]  and current investigations to assess the impact on other forms of CVD are under planning and promise encouraging results.

• Deterrence and Patient Education

Efforts should be directed toward primary prevention by leading a healthy lifestyle, and an appropriate diet starting as early as possible with the goal of delay or avoid the initiation of atherosclerosis as it relates to the future risk of CVD. The AHA developed the concept of "ideal cardiovascular health" defined by the presence of [8] :

• Ideal health behaviors: Nonsmoking, body mass index less than 25 kg/m2, physical activity at goal levels, and the pursuit of a diet consistent with current guideline recommendations
• Ideal health factors: Untreated total cholesterol less than 200 mg/dL, untreated blood pressure less than 120/80 mm Hg, and fasting blood glucose less than 100 mg/dL) with the goal to improve the health of all Americans with an expected decrease in deaths from CVD by 20%

Specific attention should be made to people at higher risk for CVD as are people with diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smokers, and obese patients. Risk factors modification by controlling their medical conditions, avoiding smoking, taking appropriate measures to lose weight and maintaining an active lifestyle is of extreme importance. [8] [9] [10] The recommendations on the use of statins and low-dose aspirin for primary and secondary prevention has been discussed in other sections.

• Pearls and Other Issues

Cardiovascular disease generally refers to 4 general entities: CAD, CVD, PVD, and aortic atherosclerosis. 

CVD is the main cause of death globally.

Measures aimed to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis are the hallmark for primary prevention of CVD.

Risk factor and lifestyle modification are paramount in the prevention of CVD.

• Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

An interprofessional and patient-oriented approach can help to improve outcomes for people with cardiovascular disease as shown in patients with heart failure (HF) who had better outcomes when the interprofessional involvement of nurses, dietitians, pharmacists, and other health professionals was used (Class 1A). [52]

Similarly, positive results were obtained in people in an intervention group who were followed by an interprofessional team comprised of pharmacists, nurses and a team of different physicians. This group had a reduction in all-cause mortality associated with CAD by 76% compared to the control group. [53]  Healthcare workers should educate the public on lifestyle changes and reduce the modifiable risk factors for heart disease to a minimum.

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Atherosclerosis as a result of coronary heart disease. Contributed by National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NIH)

Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology. Coronary artery disease is usually caused by an atherosclerotic plaque that blocks the lumen of a coronary artery, typically the left anterior descending artery. Contributed by S Bhimji, MD

Disclosure: Edgardo Olvera Lopez declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Brian Ballard declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Arif Jan declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

• Cite this Page Olvera Lopez E, Ballard BD, Jan A. Cardiovascular Disease. [Updated 2023 Aug 22]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

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• Review De-risking primary prevention: role of imaging. [Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2021] Review De-risking primary prevention: role of imaging. Shafter AM, Shaikh K, Johanis A, Budoff MJ. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis. 2021 Jan-Dec; 15:17539447211051248.
• Shared and non-shared familial susceptibility of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease and aortic disease. [Int J Cardiol. 2013] Shared and non-shared familial susceptibility of coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, peripheral artery disease and aortic disease. Calling S, Ji J, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Zöller B. Int J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 3; 168(3):2844-50. Epub 2013 Apr 30.
• Stenting for peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities: an evidence-based analysis. [Ont Health Technol Assess Ser....] Stenting for peripheral artery disease of the lower extremities: an evidence-based analysis. Medical Advisory Secretariat. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2010; 10(18):1-88. Epub 2010 Sep 1.
• Impact of cardiovascular disease on health care economic burden and resource utilization: a retrospective cohort study in adults in the United States with type 2 diabetes with or without stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral arterial disease. [Curr Med Res Opin. 2022] Impact of cardiovascular disease on health care economic burden and resource utilization: a retrospective cohort study in adults in the United States with type 2 diabetes with or without stroke, myocardial infarction, and peripheral arterial disease. King A, Rajpura J, Liang Y, Paprocki Y, Uzoigwe C. Curr Med Res Opin. 2022 Nov; 38(11):1831-1840. Epub 2022 Sep 29.
• Review Prevention of ventricular fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction (myocardial necrosis), heart failure, and mortality by bretylium: is ischemic heart disease primarily adrenergic cardiovascular disease? [Am J Ther. 2004] Review Prevention of ventricular fibrillation, acute myocardial infarction (myocardial necrosis), heart failure, and mortality by bretylium: is ischemic heart disease primarily adrenergic cardiovascular disease? Bacaner M, Brietenbucher J, LaBree J. Am J Ther. 2004 Sep-Oct; 11(5):366-411.

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Preventing Heart Disease

You can choose healthy habits to help prevent heart disease.

• Take charge of your medical conditions to lower your risk for heart disease.

By living a healthy lifestyle, you can help keep your blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar levels normal and lower your risk for heart disease and heart attack.

Choose healthy habits

Choose healthy food and drinks.

Choose healthy meals and snacks to help prevent heart disease and its complications. Be sure to eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables and fewer processed foods.

• Eating lots of foods high in saturated fat and trans fat may contribute to heart disease.
• Eating foods high in fiber and low in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol can help prevent high cholesterol.
• Limiting salt (sodium) in your diet can also lower your blood pressure.
• Limiting sugar in your diet can lower your blood sugar level to prevent or help control diabetes.
• Do not drink too much alcohol, which can raise your blood pressure.

Keep a healthy weight

People with overweight or obesity have a higher risk for heart disease. Carrying extra weight can put extra stress on the heart and blood vessels.

To find out if your weight is in a healthy range, you can calculate your Body Mass Index (BMI).

Get regular physical activity

Physical activity can help you maintain a healthy weight and lower your blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and blood sugar levels. For adults, the Surgeon General recommends 2 hours and 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise, like brisk walking or bicycling, every week. Children and adolescents should get 1 hour of physical activity every day.

Don't smoke

Cigarette smoking greatly increases your risk for heart disease. If you don't smoke, don't start. If you do smoke, quitting will lower your risk for heart disease. Your doctor can suggest ways to help you quit.

For more information about tobacco use and quitting, see CDC's Smoking & Tobacco Use website .

Take charge of your medical conditions

If you have high cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes, you can take steps to lower your risk for heart disease.

Check your cholesterol

Your health care team should test your blood levels of cholesterol at least once every 4 to 6 years. If you have already been diagnosed with high cholesterol or have a family history of the condition, you may need to have your cholesterol checked more often. Talk with your health care team about this simple blood test. If you have high cholesterol, medicines and lifestyle changes can help reduce your risk for heart disease.

Control your blood pressure

High blood pressure usually has no symptoms, so have it checked on a regular basis. Your health care team should measure your blood pressure at least once every 2 years if you have never had high blood pressure or other risk factors for heart disease.

If you have been diagnosed with high blood pressure, also called hypertension, your health care team will measure your blood pressure more often to make sure you have the condition under control. Talk with your health care team about how often you should check your blood pressure. You can check it at a doctor's office, at a pharmacy, or at home.

If you have high blood pressure, your health care team might recommend some changes in your lifestyle, such as lowering the sodium in your diet. Your doctor may also prescribe medicine to help lower your blood pressure.

Manage your diabetes

If you have diabetes, monitor your blood sugar levels carefully. Talk with your health care team about treatment options. Your doctor may recommend certain lifestyle changes to help keep your blood sugar under control. These actions will help reduce your risk for heart disease.

Take your medicines as directed

If you take medicine to treat high blood cholesterol, high blood pressure, or diabetes, follow your doctor’s instructions carefully. Always ask questions if you don’t understand something. Never stop taking your medicine without first talking to your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist.

Work with your health care team

You and your health care team can work together to prevent or treat the medical conditions that lead to heart disease. Discuss your treatment plan regularly, and bring a list of questions to your appointments. Talk with your health care team about how heart disease and mental health disorders are related .

If you've already had a heart attack , your health care team will work with you to prevent another one. Your treatment plan may include medicines or surgery and lifestyle changes to reduce your risk. Be sure to take your medicines as directed and follow your doctor's instructions.

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Slide Set | 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease

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Date: December 17, 2020    

Keywords: Anticoagulants, Fibrinolytic Agents, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Aortic Valve Insufficiency, Aortic Valve Stenosis, Aortic Valve, Aortic Diseases, Perioperative Period, Cardiac Catheterization, Cardiac Imaging Techniques, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures, Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular, Drug Therapy, Echocardiography, Endocarditis, Exercise Test, Diagnostic Imaging, Angiography, Hemodynamics, Mitral Valve Stenosis, Mitral Valve Insufficiency, Heart Murmurs, Mitral Valve, Pregnancy, Heart Valve Prosthesis, Decision Making, Heart Valve Diseases, Heart Defects, Congenital, Patient Care Team, Thromboembolism, Thrombosis, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement, Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation, Catheters, Echocardiography, Transesophageal, Tricuspid Valve

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Watch CBS News

61% of U.S. adults will have some type of cardiovascular disease by 2050, report finds

By Sara Moniuszko

Edited By Allison Elyse Gualtieri

June 4, 2024 / 5:00 AM EDT / CBS News

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States — and new projections find it may become even more common in the next 30 years.

In a report released Tuesday, the American Heart Association says more than 6 in 10 U.S. adults (61%) will have some type of cardiovascular disease, or CVD, by 2050. This is particularly driven by a projected 184 million people with hypertension, or high blood pressure , which is expected to increase from 51.2% in 2020 to 61% in 2025.

"Clinically, cardiovascular disease is identified as a number of specific conditions, including coronary heart disease (including heart attack), arrhythmias (including atrial fibrillation), valvular disease, congenital heart disease, heart failure, stroke and hypertension," the association defines in its report. "However, high blood pressure is also known as a major risk factor contributing to both heart disease and stroke."

Where are other increases expected?

Total CVD diagnoses, which includes numbers for stroke but not high blood pressure, will increase from 11.3% to 15% or from 28 million to 45 million adults, during the same time.

Stroke specifically will see the largest increase, according to the report, jumping from 3.9% to 6.4%, with the "total prevalence number nearly doubling from 10 million to almost 20 million adults."

Increases were also projected for coronary heart disease (from 7.8% to 9.2%) and heart failure (from 2.7% to 3.8%).

And while there is a projected decline of high cholesterol diagnoses, other risk factors like obesity and diabetes will also increase, from 43.1% to 60.6% and 16.3% to 26.8%, respectively. 

Prevalence also varies by racial and ethnic groups, the report found. For example, the increase in total projected numbers of people with CVD and poor health behaviors rose most among Hispanic adults and Asian populations, while Black adults are projected to have the highest prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity.

These disparities can be attributed to "individual, structural and systemic racism, as well as socioeconomic factors and access to care," the report notes.

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Sara Moniuszko is a health and lifestyle reporter at CBSNews.com. Previously, she wrote for USA Today, where she was selected to help launch the newspaper's wellness vertical. She now covers breaking and trending news for CBS News' HealthWatch.

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COVID-19: Who's at higher risk of serious symptoms?

Advanced age and some health conditions can raise the risk of serious COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) illness.

Many people with COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, recover at home. But for some, COVID-19 can be a serious illness. Some people may need care in the hospital, treatment in the intensive care unit and the need for breathing help. In some people, severe COVID-19 illness can lead to death.

What raises the risk of severe or critical COVID-19 illness?

The risk for serious COVID-19 illness depends on your health status, age and activities. Your risk also depends on other factors. This includes where you live, work or learn, how easy it is for you to get medical care, and your economic stability.

If you have more than one risk factor, your risk goes up with each one.

Age raises the risk of serious COVID-19

People age 65 and older and babies younger than 6 months have a higher than average risk of serious COVID-19 illness. Those age groups have the highest risk of needing hospital care for COVID-19.

Babies younger than 6 months aren't eligible for the COVID-19 vaccine, which adds to their risk. For older people, the challenge is that the immune system is less able to clear out germs as people age. Also, as people age, medical conditions that raise the risk of severe COVID-19 are more likely. In the U.S. as of March 2024, about 76% of all deaths from COVID-19 have been among people age 65 and older.

Aging plus disease raises the risk of serious COVID-19

Severe COVID-19 disease is more likely for people who have other health issues.

Some common diseases linked to aging are:

• Heart disease. Examples are heart failure or coronary artery disease.
• Diabetes mellitus. The risk is higher for both type 1 and type 2.
• Chronic lung diseases. This includes airway disease and conditions that damage lung tissue.
• Obesity. The risk goes up as body mass index (BMI) increases, with the highest risk for a BMI of 40 or greater.
• Chronic kidney disease. Especially if you are on dialysis.

These diseases become more common as people age. But they can affect people of any age. The risk of serious COVID-19 illness is linked to having one or more underlying medical condition.

Asthma, COPD, other lung diseases raise risk of severe COVID-19

Your risk of having more severe COVID-19 illness is higher if you have lung disease. Having moderate to severe asthma raises some risks of serious COVID-19 illness. It raises the risk of needing care in the hospital, including intensive care, and needing mechanical help breathing.

The risk of serious COVID-19 illness also is higher for people who have conditions that damage lung tissue over time. Examples are tuberculosis, cystic fibrosis, interstitial lung disease, bronchiectasis or COPD, which stands for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These diseases raise the risk of needing care in the hospital for COVID-19. Depending on the condition, the risk of needing intensive care and the risk of death from COVID-19 also may go up.

Other lung conditions, such as a history of pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary embolism affect a person's risk of serious illness after COVID-19. The risk of death may be higher after these conditions.

Cancer raises the risk of severe COVID-19

In general, people with cancer have a greater risk of getting serious COVID-19. People who have or had blood cancer may have a higher risk of being sick for longer, or getting sicker, with COVID-19 than people with solid tumors.

Having cancer raises the risk of needing care in the hospital, intensive care and the use of breathing support. Having blood cancer and getting COVID-19 raises the risk of death from the illness.

Treatment for blood cancer may raise the risk of severe COVID-19 but the research is still unclear. Cancer treatment may also affect your COVID-19 vaccine. Talk to your healthcare professional about additional shots and getting vaccinated after treatments that affect some immune cells.

Other conditions that raise the risk of severe COVID-19

If an organ or body system is already weakened by disease, infection with the COVID-19 virus can cause further damage. In other cases, medicine for the original condition can lower the immune system's response to the virus that causes COVID-19.

Many different diseases can raise the risk of severe COVID-19 illness.

• Brain and nervous system diseases, such as strokes.
• Chronic liver disease, specifically cirrhosis, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, alcoholic liver disease and autoimmune hepatitis.
• HIV not well managed with medicine.
• Heart disease, including congenital heart disease and cardiomyopathies.
• Mood disorders or schizophrenia.
• Having received an organ or stem cell transplant.
• Sickle cell anemia and thalassemia blood disorders.

Other risk factors for severe COVID-19 are:

• Not getting enough physical activity.
• Pregnancy or having recently given birth.
• Use of medicines that lower the immune system's ability to respond to germs.

Also, as a general group, disability is linked to an increased risk of severe COVID-19. The risks are different depending on the disability.

• Down syndrome is linked to a higher risk of needing care in the hospital. The risk of death from severe COVID-19 also is higher than typical for people with Down syndrome.
• Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is linked to an increased risk of needing care in the hospital from severe COVID-19.
• Cerebral palsy is linked to an increased risk of needing care in the hospital from severe COVID-19.

These are not the only conditions that increase the risk of severe COVID-19. Talk to your healthcare professional if you have questions about your health and risk for getting a serious COVID-19 illness.

A COVID-19 vaccine can lower your risk of serious illness

The COVID-19 vaccine can lower the risk of death or serious illness caused by COVID-19. Your healthcare team may suggest added doses of COVID-19 vaccine if you have a moderately or seriously weakened immune system.

How else can you lower the risk of severe COVID-19?

Everyone can lower the risk of serious COVID-19 illness by working to prevent infection with the virus that causes COVID-19.

• Avoid close contact with anyone who is sick or has symptoms, if possible.
• Use fans, open windows or doors, and use filters to move the air and keep any germs from lingering.
• Wash your hands well and often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. Or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol.
• Cough or sneeze into a tissue or your elbow. Then wash your hands.
• Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces. For example, clean doorknobs, light switches, electronics and counters regularly.
• Spread out in crowded public areas, especially in places with poor airflow. This is important if you have a higher risk of serious illness.
• The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that people wear a mask in indoor public spaces if COVID-19 is spreading. This means if you're in an area with a high number of people with COVID-19 in the hospital. They suggest wearing the most protective mask possible that you'll wear regularly, that fits well and is comfortable.

These basic actions are even more important for people who have weakened immune systems, and their caregivers.

The FDA also has authorized the monoclonal antibody pemivibart (Pemgarda) to prevent COVID-19 in some people with weakened immune systems.

People can take other actions based on their risk factors.

• If you're at a higher risk of serious illness, talk to your healthcare professional about how best to protect yourself. Know what to do if you get sick so you can quickly start treatment.
• Lower your risk of COVID-19 complications by making sure that any health issues are well managed. This includes staying on track with managing medical conditions, going to all healthcare appointments and planning ahead to avoid running out of medicine. Keep taking medicines as suggested by your healthcare professional.
• Stay up to date on vaccines. This includes vaccines for flu, pneumonia and RSV. These vaccines won't prevent COVID-19. But becoming ill with a respiratory illness may worsen your outcome if you also catch COVID-19.

You may consider making a care plan. In the care plan, write your medical conditions, the medicine you take, and any special food or diet needs you have. The care plan also includes who you see for care and your emergency contacts.

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• Goldman L, et al., eds. COVID-19: Epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, community prevention, and prognosis. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Elsevier; 2024. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed April 5, 2024.
• Regan JJ, et al. Use of Updated COVID-19 Vaccines 2023-2024 Formula for Persons Aged ≥6 Months: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices—United States, September 2023. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2023; doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7242e1.
• Underlying medical conditions associated with higher risk for severe COVID-19: Information for healthcare providers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/clinical-care/underlyingconditions.html. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• Stay up to date with COVID-19 vaccines. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/stay-up-to-date.html. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• COVID data tracker. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• Najafabadi BT, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID‐19 severity and mortality. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023; doi:10.1002/14651858.CD015201.
• People with certain medical conditions. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• AskMayoExpert. COVID-19: Outpatient management (adult). Mayo Clinic; 2023.
• Emergency use authorizations for drugs and non-vaccine biological products. U.S. Food and Drug Association. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/emergency-preparedness-drugs/emergency-use-authorizations-drugs-and-non-vaccine-biological-products. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• How to protect yourself and others. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• COVID-19: What people with cancer should know. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coronavirus/coronavirus-cancer-patient-information. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• Hygiene and respiratory viruses prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/hygiene.html. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• Preventing respiratory viruses. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/respiratory-viruses/prevention/index.html. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• Maintaining a care plan. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/aging/publications/features/caregivers-month.html. Accessed April 2, 2024.
• COVID-19: What People with Cancer Should Know. National Cancer Institute. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coronavirus/coronavirus-cancer-patient-information. Accessed April 11, 2024.

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Rare is not rare.

One out of every 10 Americans is living with a rare disease. Worldwide, there are more than 300 million people with rare diseases. Too often, these individuals and families are left isolated and without answers to their medical questions. It doesn't have to be that way. Rare Disease Day is a global initiative to raise awareness and generate support for everyone who is on a rare medical journey. It takes place on the last day of February, which this year is February 29th, the rarest day of the year. The National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD) is the trusted voice of the more than 30 million Americans living with a rare disease. We are proud to be the official U.S. partner for Rare Disease Day. We invite you to read on to learn how to #ShowYourStripes in support of those with a rare disease.

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In the News

Everyday hero: milwaukee dad, brewer creates 'zebra hop' beer in honor of his son.

A Milwaukee brewery is working to raise awareness and money to help people living with rare diseases. The cause is personal for Jonathan Kowalske, one of the owners of Component Brewing in the city’s Bay View neighborhood. Shortly after Kowalske opened the business with his two cousins in 2018, his son Mac was born. Mac was diagnosed with Malan Syndrome. To put in perspective just how rare the condition is, Mac is one of only about 200 people worldwide who have been diagnosed with Malan Syndrome.

Rare Disease Day Interview with NORD President and CEO Peter L. Saltonstall and Boston Children’s Hospital’s Dr. Olaf Bodamer

Watch CNBC’s Rare Disease Day interview with NORD President and CEO Peter L. Saltonstall and NORD Rare Disease Center of Excellence Director, Dr. Olaf Bodamer of Boston Children’s Hospital, where they shared how rare disease affects 1 in 10 Americans and why everyone, including the pharmaceutical industry and corporate America, should invest more dollars and attention into rare disease research and treatment.

The IRA needs changes to better support patients with rare diseases

This time last year, members of Congress were working around the clock to draft and pass the Inflation Reduction Act. One of their goals was to address government spending on health care. But they specifically didn’t want to discourage research into rare disease treatments, so they exempted some of these...