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Adapting N-Gram Theory for Comprehensive Analysis of Sanskrit Texts

21 Pages Posted: 24 Jun 2024

Namrata Tapaswi

Acropolis Institute of Technology & Research

Date Written: February 01, 2023

Sanskrit Language is the oldest language known and is the root of various languages in Indian contexts. As the linguistically partitioned population is technologically adapting itself, the need to represent information in a native language is a must. This has led to several kinds of research in the domain of natural languages for translating native language to English or any other form of text and speech. Inheriting the linguistic hierarchy of grammar formulation with Sanskrit, it becomes easy to map translation strategies for other dialect or language understanding algorithms. The lexical analysis and grammatical validations of Sanskrit prove to be stable research owing to its rich vocabulary. Semantically assessing vernacular languages was conveniently possible with the morphological and lexical analysis of Sanskrit grammar. This paper reviews the existing methods for statistical language modelling with Sanskrit. The comprehensive process of extracting expressions and logically inferencing grammatical rules for phrases are presented in this paper. The paper focuses on statistical modelling theories and proposes methods to enhance the accuracy of the grammar.

Keywords: lexical, syntactic, semantic, government and binding (GB), lexical functional grammar (LFG), Morphology, Context free grammar (CFG)

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Title: sanskritshala: a neural sanskrit nlp toolkit with web-based interface for pedagogical and annotation purposes.

Abstract: We present a neural Sanskrit Natural Language Processing (NLP) toolkit named SanskritShala (a school of Sanskrit) to facilitate computational linguistic analyses for several tasks such as word segmentation, morphological tagging, dependency parsing, and compound type identification. Our systems currently report state-of-the-art performance on available benchmark datasets for all tasks. SanskritShala is deployed as a web-based application, which allows a user to get real-time analysis for the given input. It is built with easy-to-use interactive data annotation features that allow annotators to correct the system predictions when it makes mistakes. We publicly release the source codes of the 4 modules included in the toolkit, 7 word embedding models that have been trained on publicly available Sanskrit corpora and multiple annotated datasets such as word similarity, relatedness, categorization, analogy prediction to assess intrinsic properties of word embeddings. So far as we know, this is the first neural-based Sanskrit NLP toolkit that has a web-based interface and a number of NLP modules. We are sure that the people who are willing to work with Sanskrit will find it useful for pedagogical and annotative purposes. SanskritShala is available at: this https URL . The demo video of our platform can be accessed at: this https URL .

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Knowledge Representation in Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence

• Rick Briggs

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Use of Sanskrit for natural language processing

• Chandana Bathulapalli , Drumil Desai , Manasi Kanhere
• Published 1 November 2016
• Linguistics, Computer Science

5 Citations

General structure of sanskrit machine translation system, exploration of the ideal sanskrit grammar for natural language processing: an analysis of laukik and vedic sanskrit, “sanskrit: some insights as a computer programming language”, penerapan metode left corner parsing dan analisis kontekstual pada natural language processing, a comprehensive guide to natural language processing in sanskrit with named entity recognition, 5 references, natural language processing: an overview, knowledge representation in sanskrit and artificial intelligence, related papers.

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Sanskrit Programming Language

2022, International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology

Language is a means of sophisticated communication developed for interaction between humans with a certain commonality in their backgrounds. Today we merely learn a language and carry on to communicate with others familiar with the same language for the rest of our life. We forget to appreciate and actually give thought to the creation of such a complex uniformity amongst the then 'unintelligent' beings. The oldest language known to have been conversed in by humans on Earth, Sanskrit, is referred to as the Mother of all languages. While even theorizing about its creation is strenuous, its origin is fortunately not a mystery. The entire process was documented by the students of Mahariṣi Pāṇini who is considered the creator of Sanskrit. Primarily, Pāṇini created a treatise on Sanskrit grammar named Aṣṭādhyāyī. This served as an outlay for building the main structure of Sanskrit. Correlating with today’s programming world, Pāṇini primarily made an outlay of the syntax of programming language and then put together the pieces to form a compact, well-defined programming language. This analogy potentially highlights the main aim and objective of this paper: to explore the existence of Sanskrit as more than a language, as a Programming Language.

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The paper discusses the syntax of the primary statements of the Sanskritam, a programming language specification based on natural Sanskrit under a doctoral thesis. By a statement, we mean a syntactic unit regardless of its computational operations of variable declarations, program executions or evaluations of Boolean expressions etc. We have selected six common primary statements of declaration, assignment, inline initialization, if-then-else, for loop and while loop. The specification partly overlaps the ideas of natural language programming, Controlled Natural Language (Kunh, 2013), and Natural Language subset. The practice and application of structured natural language set in a discourse are deeply rooted in the theoretical text tradition of Sanskrit, like the sūtra-based disciplines and Navya-Nyāya (NN) formal language, etc. The effort is a kind of continuation and application of such traditions and their techniques in the modern field of Sanskrit NLP.

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QUEST JOURNALS

Sanskrit enjoys a place of pride among Indian languages in terms of technology solutions that are available for it within India and abroad. The Indian government through its various agencies has been heavily funding other Indian languages for technology development but the funding for Sanskrit has been slow for a variety of reasons. Despite that, the work in the field has not suffered. The following sections do a survey of the language technology R&D in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. The word `Sanskrit' means "prepared, pure, refined or prefect". It was not for nothing that it was called the `devavani' (language of the Gods). It has an outstanding place in our culture and indeed was recognized as a language of rare sublimity by the whole world. Sanskrit was the language of our philosophers, our scientists, our mathematicians, our poets and playwrights, our grammarians, our jurists, etc. In grammar, Panini and Patanjali (authors of Ashtadhyayi and the Mahabhashya) have no equals in the world; in astronomy and mathematics the works of Aryabhatta, Brahmagupta and Bhaskar opened up new frontiers for mankind, as did the works of Charak and Sushrut in medicine. In philosophy Gautam (founder of the Nyaya system), Ashvaghosha (author of Buddha Charita), Kapila (founder of the Sankhya system), Shankaracharya, Brihaspati, etc., present the widest range of philosophical systems the world has ever seen, from deeply religious to strongly atheistic.

Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute

Subhash Kak

You might be know something form this .

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Kanakadurga Dantu

The Paper claims that all the languages of the world had originated from Sanskrit spoken for centuries. Some examples are given to prove the claim.

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Shakuntala Gawde

Lecture Notes in Computer Science

Gérard Huet

John Kadvany

Panini's fourth (?) century BC Sanskrit grammar uses rewrite rules utilizing an explicit formal language defined through a semi-formal metalanguage. The grammar is generative, meaning that it is capable of expressing a potential infinity of well-formed Sanskrit sentences starting from a finite symbolic inventory. The grammar's operational rules involve extensive use of auxiliary markers, in the form of Sanskrit phonemes, to control grammatical derivations. Panini's rules often utilize a generic context-sensitive format to identify terms used in replacement, modification or deletion operations. The context-sensitive rule format is itself defined using Panini's more general method of auxiliary markers, the latter used to define many dozens of linguistic categories and rules controlling derivations of Sanskrit sentences through the manipulation of 'non-terminal' and 'terminal' symbols. This technique for controlling formal derivations was rediscovered by Emil Post in the 1920s and later shown by him to be capable of representing universal computation. The same implicit computational strength of Panini's formalism follows as a consequence: while Panini's Sanskrit grammar is computationally limited, the metalanguage through which his formalism is defined can be directly used to define any rule-based system by mimicking standard formal language definitions as an extension of the grammatical system proper. Panini's formal achievement is historically distinctive, as derivations of grammatically correct, spoken Sanskrit, are designed for oral recitation, with the grammar itself constructed as an organic extension of the spoken object language. Panini's formulation of what amounts to an orally realized symbolic calculus stands in contrast to the implicit inscriptional methods of contemporary formalisms, such as Gottlob Frege's appropriately named Begriffsschrift and the early computing paradigms of Post and Alan Turing. Nonetheless, contemporary views on the cognitive status of phonemic recognition and historical writing systems support the conjecture that, in spite of P¯ an ˙ ini's rigorous oral formulation, construction of the grammar almost surely relied on alphabetic writing. 1. Grammar and computation For purposes of this paper, 'computing language' means a formal calculus capable of representing universal computation according to the rules of some formal language, explicitly described through a metalanguage characterizing language categories and expression formation. The language should also have some implicit or explicit realization in some media, such as inscription or electronic storage. In this sense, modern machine and high-level programing languages are computing languages. So too are the classical computing models of Emil Post, Alan Turing, Alonzo Church, Stephen Kleene and others, including Kurt Gödel's formalization of metamathematics via number theory. Though not 'programing' languages intended for machine implementation, the classical models are all 'computing languages' by virtue of an operational formalism which can be then used to represent all effective procedures. Gottlob Frege's first-order logic may be included here just because, as recognized by Church and Turing, Gödel's number-theoretic coding, as well as their own formalisms, may be translated into axioms expressed in first-order logic (and so showing the valid sentences of first-order logic to be undecidable). We tend to think of formalisms capable of expressing arbitrary algorithms as thoroughly modern, typically late nineteenth and early twentieth century creations. It is also a modern idea, following Gödel, to see how to describe the derivational rules of a formal language also through the language, so that object-and metalanguage are unified as one.

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