harvard style referencing citing websites

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Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

Table of contents

In-text citations and full references.

• Secondary referencing
• Page numbers
• Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

• in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
• full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

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Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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Reference a Website

- powered by chegg, cite smarter, worry less with cite this for me premium, upgrade to save your work, check with plagiarism, and more, is your source credible don't forget to consider these factors:, purpose : reason the source exists.

• Is the point of the information to inform, persuade, teach, or sell?
• Do the authors/publishers make their intentions clear?
• Does the information appear to be fact or opinion?
• Does the point of view seem impartial? Do they identify counter-arguments?

Authority - Author:Source of the information

• Who is the author? What are their credentials or qualifications?
• What makes the author qualified to write on this topic?
• Are there clearly defined contact information for the author?

Authority - Publisher:Source of the information

• Who is the publisher? Is it a non-profit, government agency, or organisation? How might this affect their point of view?
• What makes the publisher qualified to generate works on this subject?
• What can the URL tell you about the publisher? For instance, .gov may signify that it is a government agency.

Accuracy : Reliability and truthfulness of the content

• Where does the information come from?
• Can the information presented be verified? Is it supported by evidence that is clearly cited?
• Does the language used seem free of emotion, and does the work seem impartial and objective?
• Are there any spelling or grammatical errors? If an online source, are all links working?
• If it was reproduced, who edited/reproduced it? Where was the information originally published?
• How original are the ideas presented in the work? Do they seem to be common knowledge?

Relevance : Importance of the information to your topic

• Does the information relate to your topic, or answer the question you have presented?
• Who is the intended audience of the work? Does that audience match with yours?
• Have you looked at other sources related to this one? Does it seem there are many others on the topic?
• Are you utilizing the entire source, or just a part of it?

Currency : Timeliness of the information

• When was the information published? When was it last updated? Does it reflect the most current information available?
• How does your topic fit in with this source’s publication date? Do you need current information to make your point or do older sources work better?

Comprehensiveness

• Does the source present one or multiple viewpoints on your topic?
• Does the source present a large amount of information on the topic? Or is it short and focused?
• Are there any points you feel may have been left out, on purpose or accidentally, that affect its comprehensiveness?
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BibGuru Harvard Referencing Generator

Cite websites, books, articles, ...

What is Harvard referencing?

How do i reference in harvard, harvard referencing examples, helpful resources on harvard style, the ultimate guide to citing in harvard.

When you reference a work, you are acknowledging other people's contributions to your research. References can provide key background information, support or dispute your thesis, or offer important definitions and data. Referencing also shows that you have personally read the work.

When using the Harvard referencing style, you identify the sources you have used by citing them in text, enclosing partial citations within parentheses embedded in the text, either within or after a sentence. This referencing system is called the author-date system.

The in-text citations are followed by a full, alphabetised list of references in an end section. We will explain this in further detail below with plenty of examples.

Citing can be very complex, which is why we have created the BibGuru Harvard reference generator to help you focus on the content of your work instead of worrying about how to get your reference list done correctly.

Learn everything you need to know about Harvard citations on this page and in our Harvard citation guide . This guide is based on the 11th edition of Cite Them Right .

I want to cite a ...

The Harvard style is one of the most widely used referencing styles in the world. This is most likely due to its simplicity and ease of use. There is no official manual, but many institutions offer their own Harvard reference style guides, which of course leads to slight nuances when it comes to punctuation and formatting rules.

The Harvard referencing style uses the author-date system for in-text citations, which means the author's surname and the year of publication in round brackets are placed within the text. If there is no discernible author, the title and date are used.

The reference list outlines all the sources directly cited in your work. It should be ordered alphabetically by the surname of the first author of each work. References with no author are ordered alphabetically by the first significant word of the title. Only the initials of the authors' given name are used, with no full stop and space between the initials.

Here is an example:

EXAMPLE In-text citation

There are five strategies to implement Diversity Management in companies (Cox, 2001).

EXAMPLE Reference list

Cox, T. (2001). Creating the multicultural organization. 1st ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, p.50.

When you cite you are referring to someone else's work or ideas in your text. In-text references give brief details of the work that you are quoting from, or which you are referring to, in your text. These references will then link to the full reference in the reference list at the end of your work. Footnotes or Endnotes are not used in the Harvard or other author-date citation styles.

When citing in-text, provide the author's surname and date of publication in brackets right after the borrowed information or at the end of the sentence. If you have already mentioned the author's name in the text, you only need to place the date of publication in brackets directly after where the author's surname is mentioned.

If you are only quoting a particular section of the source, instead of the whole book, you should also include a page number or range after the publication date. If the book has more than four authors, you do not need to write out all of their surnames. Use the first author’s surname followed by the abbreviation ‘et al.’, which means 'and others'.

The reference list at the end of your work should start on a new page and be arranged in alphabetical order. Italicise the titles of books, reports, etc. Beware that for journal articles, the name of the journal should be italicised instead of the title of the article you are citing. Make sure to capitalise the first letter of the publication title, the first letters of all main words in the title of a journal, and all first letters of a publication place and publisher.

How to use Bibguru for Harvard citations

• Printed books
• Journals and Magazines
• Webpages and Websites
• United Kingdom Legal Sources

The general referencing order for a book in Harvard for your reference list is:

• Author/editor
• Year of publication (in round brackets)
• Title (in italics)
• Place of publication: Publisher
• Series and volume number (where relevant)

EXAMPLE Book with one author

All of those factors contribute to climate change (See, 2012).

Reference list

See, M. (2012) Greenhouse gas emissions: Global business aspects . Berlin, Germany: Springer.

EXAMPLE Book with two authors

Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1998) explain that a higher level of labor productivity means more output per person.

Auerbach, A. J. and Kotlikoff, L. J. (1998)  Macroeconomics: An integrated approach. 2nd ed. London, England: MIT Press.

EXAMPLE Book with an editor and multiple authors

.. as claimed by the authors (Raab et al., 2015).

Raab, M. et al. (eds.) (2015)  Performance psychology: Perception, action, cognition, and emotion . San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

EXAMPLE Ebook

.. as claimed by the authors (Christian and Griffiths, 2016).

Christian, B. and Griffiths, T. (2016)  Algorithms to live by: The computer science of human decisions. London, England: William Collins. Available at: http://a.co/7qGBZAk.

Many journals have print and online equivalents, or they may just be available in print or in online editions. You should reference the version that you are using. As long as the journal reference provides enough bibliographic information for the article to be located by the reader, other elements - e.g. database title or URL - don't need to be included. However, if the article you are citing is only available online, you have to include the DOI or URL.

The general referencing order for a journal article in Harvard is:

• Author (surname followed by initials)
• Title of article (in single quotation marks)
• Title of journal (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words)
• Issue information (volume (unbracketed), and, where applicable, part number, month or season)
• Page reference (if available)
• If accessed online: DOI or Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

EXAMPLE Journal article

In their review of the literature (Norrie et al. , 2012)..

Norrie, C. et al. (2012) 'Doing it differently?' A review of literature on teaching reflective practice across health and social care professions', Reflective Practice , 13(4), pp. 565-578.

EXAMPLE Journal article with DOI

(McCauley and Christiansen, 2019)

McCauley, S. M. and Christiansen, M. H. (2019) “Language learning as language use: A cross-linguistic model of child language development,”  Psychological review , 126(1), pp. 1–51. doi: 10.1037/rev0000126.

Magazine articles

To cite a magazine article in Harvard, follow this citation order:

• Title of magazine (in italics - capitalise first letter of each word in title, except for linking words)

EXAMPLE Electronic magazine article

The southern part of Kalahari has characteristics of a dry savanna ecosystem (Joubert, 2021).

Joubert, L. (2021) 'Rising heat puts the Kalahari’s ecosystem on the edge of survival', National Geographic, 27 July. Available at: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/rising-heat-puts-the-kalaharis-ecosystem-on-the-edge-of-survival-feature (Accessed: 28 July 2021).

The citation order for theses is the following:

• Year of submission (in round brackets)
• Title of thesis (in italics)
• Degree statement
• Degree-awarding body

EXAMPLE Doctoral thesis

Pradhan, S. (2021) Impacts of road construction on landsliding in Nepal. Doctoral thesis. Durham University. Available at: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/14069/ (Accessed: 28 July 2021).

When referencing information from the internet, make sure to distinguish what you are referring to. The internet is made up of a broad range of material - from journal articles to government publications, blogs, and images. This section shows you how to reference internet sites or web pages produced by individuals or organisations.

As always, the information you provide should be just enough for the reader to find the source. As material on the internet can be removed or changed, also note the date when you have accessed the information.

The defining element in referencing a website is the URL. It should be included in your reference list, but not in your in-text citation.

Citation order of a website with individual authors:

• Year that the site was published/last updated (in round brackets)
• Title of web page (in italics)
• Available at: URL (Accessed: date)

EXAMPLE Websites with individual authors

McCarthy (2021) also says that wasted food significantly impacts climate change.

McCarthy, S. (2021) Over 1 Billion Tonnes More Food Being Wasted Than Previously Estimated, Contributing 10% of All Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Available at: https://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/over-1-billion-tonnes-more-food-being-wasted-than-previously-estimated-contributing-10-of-all-greenhouse-gas-emissions (Accessed: 27 July 2021).

EXAMPLE Websites with organisations as authors

After identifying symptoms (National Health Service, 2018)...

National Health Service (2018) Check your symptoms . Available at: http://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/checkyoursymptoms (Accessed: 17 October 2018).

EXAMPLE Websites with no authors

.. and is considered a virtue (Altruism, 2021).

Altruism (2021)  Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia . Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism (Accessed: August 24, 2021).

Blogs and Vlogs

Beware that blogs and vlogs are someone's opinion, and therefore might not provide objective, reasoned discussion of an issue. Use them together with reputable sources. This is the citation order for blogs:

• Title of message (in single quotation marks)
• Title of internet site (in italics)
• Day/month of posted message

EXAMPLE Blog

Social channels help us share common interests (Liegl, 2021)

Liegl, J. (2021) 'Communicating with humanity', Several People Are Typing , 2 July. Available at: https://slack.com/intl/en-at/blog (Accessed: 28 July 2021).

Social Media

This would be the citation order for an Instagram post, but other social media websites follow the same order:

• Author (Instagram account holder/poster)
• Year posted (in round brackets)
• Title of post (in single quotation marks)
• [Instagram]

EXAMPLE Instagram post

.. by painting a sea horse (VeganArtShare, 2021).

VeganArtShare (2021) 'Tiny dancer of the sea.' [Instagram]. 25 June. Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/CQjWYSWJDqT/ (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

Photographs

To reference a photograph from the internet, follow this citation order:

• Photographer
• Title of photograph (in italics)

EXAMPLE Photograph from the internet

His beautiful photograph (Kitto, 2013)...

Kitto, J. (2013) Golden Sunset. Available at: http://www.jameskitto.co.uk/photo_1827786.html (Accessed: 14 June 2018).

Television programmes

When viewing a television programme through a streaming service (e.g. Netflix), use the following citation order:

• Title of programme (in italics)
• Year of original broadcast (in round brackets)
• Name of transmitting channel
• Date and time of transmission (if available)
• Available at: Name of streaming service (Accessed: date)

EXAMPLE Programme on Netflix

While this show is set in the Cold war era ( The Queen's Gambit , 2020),..

The Queen's Gambit (2020) Netflix Original, 12 January, 20:00. Available at: Netflix (Accessed: 24 August 2021).

There is a multitude of different legal sources in the UK that we can use to explain referencing in Harvard. The safest way to get the correct reference is to use the BibGuru Harvard reference generator .

This is the citation order for papers from the House of Commons and House of Lords:

• Parliament. House of ...
• Year of Publication (in round brackets)
• Paper number (in round brackets) - for House of Lords papers, the paper number is also in round brackets to distinguish it from identical House if Commons paper numbers

EXAMPLE Papers from the House of Commons and House of Lords

Parliamentary reports for the year included the criminal justice system (Parliament. House of Commons, 1999) and renewable energy (Parliament. House of Lords, 1999).

Parliament. House of Commons (1999) Criminal Justice: working together, Session 1999-2000 . (HC 1999-2000 29). London: The Stationery Office.

Parliament. House of Lords (1999) Electricity from renewables: first report from the Select Committee on the European Union . (HL 1999-2000 (18)). London: The Stationery Office.

While there is a multitude of details and specific rules on how to cite various publications or works in Harvard (magazines, online books, the internet, social media, legal sources, movies, etc.), you do not need to worry about getting your citations wrong with BibGuru. Use our BibGuru Harvard reference generator to create the fastest and most accurate Harvard citations possible.

Ditch the frustrations for stress-free citations

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The APA style is a variant of the Harvard style. Both styles use author-date references in brackets right after the borrowed information or at the end of the sentence, and full references in the reference list. There are a few differences between APA and Harvard, you can learn more about them here .

Your Harvard paper should be double-spaced with smooth left margins. The Harvard Reference list is double-spaced too.

The Reference list is alphabetised by the author's surname and is double-spaced with a hanging indent, meaning that all but the first line have an indent. The margin can vary depending on your institution, but in general is 0.5.

In general, numbers below 101 should be spelled out. The same goes for large round numbers like "one thousand" or "twenty thousand", although 250,000 would be too long to spell out. Very large numbers, like 4.3 billion, should be expressed in figures. What is most important though is consistency. However, you choose to express numbers, be consistent with them throughout your paper. You can read more about this here .

The Harvard citation style uses the author-date system for in-text references, which means the author's surname and the year of publication in round brackets are placed within the text, not in footnotes. Only use footnotes within a Harvard formatted paper for explanatory notes that would not detract from the text, if necessary.

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How to cite a website in APA, MLA, or Harvard style

There are many different ways to cite a website, depending on which citation style you need to format it in.

 The easy way to cite a website in any citation style

Use our citation generator below to automatically cite a website in any style, including APA, MLA 7 and 8, and Harvard. Just select the style you need, copy the URL into the search box, and press search. We’ll do the rest.

 The manual way to cite a website

To cite a website by hand just follow the instructions below. For the 3 most popular styles–APA, MLA 8, and Harvard–this is as follows:

 In APA style

You need to locate these details for the website: page or article author, page or article title, website name, published date, access date, page URL (web address) .

• The author can typically be found on the page, but if there isn’t one listed you can use the website name in its place.
• The page title can be found near the top of the page, and you can also find it by hovering your mouse over the browser tab.
• The website name can usually be found in the web address or by looking for a logo or similar at the very top of the page.
• There often isn’t a publish date , but if there is it’ll be very close to the page title.
• The access date is the date you took information from the article (usually today).
• The page URL can be copied straight from the address bar of your browser and will start with either http:// or https://.

Then use this template, replacing the colored placeholders with the information you found on the page:

Author last name , author first name initial . ( published year , published month and day ). Page title . Retrieved accessed month and day , accessed year , from article URL .

The final formatted citation should look like this:

Ingle, S. (2018, February 11). Winter Olympics was hit by cyber-attack, officials confirm. Retrieved July 24, 2018, from https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/feb/11/winter-olympics-was-hit-by-cyber-attack-officials-confirm.

For a more comprehensive guide, including what to do when you can’t find certain details, have a look at our more in-depth guide to citing a website in APA format .

 In MLA 8 style

Here are the specific details you need to find on the page: page or article author, page or article title, website name, published date, access date, page URL (web address) .

Then use this template:

Author last name , author first name . “ Page title .” website name , published date day, month, year , page URL . Accessed accessed date day, month, year .

Ingle, Sean. “Winter Olympics Was Hit by Cyber-Attack, Officials Confirm.” The Guardian , 11 Feb. 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/feb/11/winter-olympics-was-hit-by-cyber-attack-officials-confirm. Accessed 13 July 2018.

For a more comprehensive guide, including what to do when you can’t find certain details, have a look at our more in-depth guide to citing a website in MLA 8 format .

 In Harvard style

First, find these details for the website: page or article author, page or article title, website name, published date, access date, page URL (web address) .

Author last name , author firstname initial ( published date year ). Page title . [online] website name . Available at: page URL [Accessed accessed date day, month, year ].

Ingle, S. (2018). Winter Olympics was hit by cyber-attack, officials confirm . [online] The Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2018/feb/11/winter-olympics-was-hit-by-cyber-attack-officials-confirm [Accessed 13 Jul. 2018].

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.

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Harvard Referencing – How to Cite a Website

2-minute read

• 5th July 2016

In our modern, digital world, it’s no surprise that students often go online before heading to the library when researching an essay.

However, no matter how study methods change, clearly referencing sources will always be essential.

But citing a website isn’t quite the same as citing a book, since you need to provide different information in the reference list. To help out, we’ve prepared this quick guide on how to cite a website using Harvard referencing.

In-Text Citations

The basics of Harvard citations for websites are the same as for a book, requiring you to give the author surname and year of publication in parentheses:

The internet allows you to find information quickly (Moxley, 2009).

The trouble is that finding the author name and year of publication can be tricky. Make sure to check carefully, but if you can’t find the information needed, you still have options.

Firstly, if you can’t find the individual author of an article , you can name an organisation:

The University of South Queensland (2016) says that citing sources is crucial to academic writing.

If this isn’t appropriate, you can give the page title in the citation instead:

Citing sources is a vital part of academic writing (Harvard citation style: Introduction, 2016).

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Secondly, if you can’t find the date of a website , you can use ‘n.d.’ (short for ‘no date’) instead:

Academic writing involves engaging with other people’s ideas (Victoria University, n.d.).

Any missing information should also be clearly indicated in the reference list, using the page title when no author is named and ‘n.d.’ when no date is available.

Reference List

The general format for a website in a Harvard reference list is:

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year) Title of web page [Online]. Available at URL [Accessed date].

As such, the first source cited in the examples above would appear in the reference list as:

Moxley, J. M. (2009) Library and Internet Research [Online]. Available at http://writingcommons.org/open-text/information-literacy/library-and-internet-research/732-library-and-internet-research [Accessed 31 May 2016].

Remember, however, that Harvard referencing conventions sometimes differ from one university to the next, so check your style guide before setting to work.

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Harvard Referencing – How to Cite Websites

3-minute read

• 6th December 2016

With so much information now available online, it’s hardly surprising that most students end up citing websites in their academic work . But since most referencing systems focus on traditional sources like books and journals, knowing how to do this can be tricky.

Thus, to help out, we’ve prepared a quick guide to citing websites using Harvard referencing .

In-Text Citations (Named Author)

When citing a website, the information required for in-text citations is the author’s surname and a year of publication. For instance:

Rousseau converted to Catholicism in 1728 (Bertram, 2010).

Websites don’t have page numbers, so these aren’t required when quoting an online source. However, you could include a paragraph or section number (use ‘para.’ to signal a paragraph number or the ‘§’ symbol to denote a section):

According to Bertram (2010, § 2.1), Rousseau thought that morality is often displaced by ‘the impulse to dominate, oppress and exploit’.

In-Text Citations (No Named Author/Date)

When no author is named for a webpage, you can give an organisational author. This will usually be a company (e.g. Pepsi) or agency (e.g. the HMRC):

Tax avoidance often involves contrived transactions that serve no purpose other than exploiting legal loopholes (HMRC, 2016).

If no date of publication is available, use ‘n.d.’ to indicate this:

Moths are ‘an essential part of food chains’ (RSPB, n.d.).

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It can be hard to spot the author and publication date for websites, though, so make sure to check carefully before omitting this information.

The Reference List

As with any source used in your work, you should list all cited websites in the reference list at the end of your document. The information needed here is:

Author Surname, Initial(s). (Year/Date of Last Update) Title of web page [Online]. Available at URL [Accessed date].

The ‘date of update’ field only applies if the page has been updated since it was published, so don’t worry about this if no updates are listed. The date of access (i.e. the date you accessed the site) is required for all online sources, though.

In practice, the reference list entry for a website would look like this:

Bertram, C. (2010) Jean Jacques Rousseau [Online]. Available at plato.stanford.edu/entries/rousseau/ [Accessed 24 October 2016].

Of course, if a webpage is missing a named author or date of publication, you should indicate this in the reference list:

RSPB (n.d.) Grow Food for Moths [Online]. Available at https://ww2.rspb.org.uk/makeahomeforwildlife/givenatureahomeinyourgarden/gardenactivities/growfoodformoths/ [Accessed 19 September 2016].

A Quick Note on Harvard Referencing

Although ‘Harvard referencing’ is commonly used by UK universities, there are dozens of variations on the basic parenthetical citation system described here. As such, it’s crucial that you check your university’s style guide for advice on the correct version to use.

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Harvard Format

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Harvard referencing originated in biology but is now more common in humanities, history, and social sciences. Read more on Wikipedia.

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Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper, consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?

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How to Cite a Government Website or Report in Harvard Style

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 27th, 2021 , Revised On August 23, 2023

In Harvard referencing, the basic format for citing government publications is like that of a book.

The basic format for in-text citations is: (Author Surname, Year Published). And that for reference list entries is: Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title in italics. City: Publisher, p.#.

For example:

In-text citation: Report bullying; advocate for no cyber bullying (Ministry of Education, 2014)

Reference list entry: Ministry of Education, (2014). Character Citizenship Education – Cyberwellness . Singapore, p.24.

However, government websites or reports themselves can have many other types of material included in them. Furthermore, some details—such as author name—might be missing or is the same as, for instance, the title of the government itself. In such cases, Harvard referencing slightly varies for citing such sources. They are further discussed below.

Types of Government Sources and How They’re Cited in Harvard Style

1.    government documents with departmental author(s).

Sometimes, a government website may publish content according to department names instead of author names. For instance, an article might be listed under the category or ‘department’ of commerce. Such publications follow this format according to Harvard referencing style:

In-Text Citation: (Name of Government Organization Year) OR (Name of Government Organization Year, page number)

Reference list entry: Name of Government Name, Name of Government Agency Year, Title in italics (Report No. xxx [if available]), Publisher, Place of Publication. Government Name, Name of Government Agency Year, Title (Report No. xxx [if available]), Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

For example:  

In-text citation: (Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2016) (Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2016, p. 149)

Reference list entry: Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2016, How regional universities drive regional innovation , viewed 22 March 2016, <http://www.industry.gov.au/Office-of-the-ChiefEconomist/Publications/Document/How-regional-universities-drive-regional-innovationreport.pdf>.

Example of a government document with a departmental author in print form:

In-Text Citation: (Department of Education, Science and Training 2006) OR (Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, p. 5)

Reference list entry: Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, The Australian Government’s innovation report 2005-06: real results, real jobs , Dept. of Education, Science and Training, Canberra.

Example of a government document with a departmental author in electronic (online) form:

In-Text Citation: (Foreign Investment Review Board 2012) OR (Foreign Investment Review Board 2012, p. 1)

Reference list entry: Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) 2012, Australia’s foreign investment framework , FIRB, Canberra, viewed 24 September 2013, <http://www.firb.gov.au/content/guidance/downloads/gn1_jan2012.pdf>.

2.    Government Documents with Individual Author(s)

If a government website mentions one or more authors, they’re cited and referenced using the following Harvard format:

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year) OR (Author Surname Year, p.# if available)

Reference list entry: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title in italics (Report No. xxx [if available]), Publisher, Place of Publication.

The important point to note: Harvard referencing uses the same format for both print and electronic government documents having individual author(s).

Some examples are:

Example of a government document with individual author published online:

In-text citation: (Henry et al. 2010) OR (Henry et al. 2010, p. 14)

Reference list entry: Henry, DK, Harmer, J, Piggott, J, Rideout, H & Smith, G 2010, Australia’s future tax system , Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 24 April 2011, <http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/

content.aspx?doc=html/pubs_reports.htm>.

Example of a government document with individual author published in print:

In-text citation: (Dawkins 1987) OR (Dawkins 1987, p. 16)

Reference list entry: Dawkins, J 1987, Higher education: a policy discussion paper , Australian Government Publication Service, Canberra.

3.    Government Publications Published Online  

These publications mostly include articles, reports and the like. No matter which types of material it is, Harvard style uses the following format for in-text and reference list entry for online government publications:

In-Text citation: (Government Year) OR (Government Year, page number)

Reference list entry: Name of Government Year, Title of publication(s) in italics, Publisher, Place of Publication if applicable, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Here are some examples of online government publications in the above format:

In-text citation: (South Australia State Government 2001)

Reference list entry: South Australia State Government 2001, Midyear budget review , Department of Treasury and Finance (South Australia), viewed 8 May 2002, <http://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/finance/pdf/ mybr2001-02.pdf>

In-text citation: (Australian Government 2004)

Reference list entry: Australian Government 2004, Australia’s demographic challenges, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, viewed 20 August 2012, <http://demographics.treasury.gov.au/content/_download/australias_demographic_challenges/australias_demographic_challenges.pdf>.

4.    Hansard (Parliament debates in Print Form)

Parliamentary debates are officially referred to as Hansard. This term is specific to the UK only. Hansard report and articles published are cited and referenced in the same way as other printed government documents, for example:

In-text citation: Australia, Senate 2000, Debates , vol. S25, p. 65 OR

Australia, House of Representatives 2000, Debates , vol. HR103, pp. 2-9

In-text citation: Mr. Ruddock outlined the two initiatives … (Australia, House of Representatives 2001, pp. 24483-24488).

Reference list entry: Australia, House of Representatives 2001, Parliament debates , vol. HR238, pp 24483-24488.

5.    Hansard Online Publications

When citing and referencing online material published by Hansard, in case the volume number is not available, the day on which the debate occurred is used instead, while the remaining format is the same as for sources mentioned above. For example, the reference list entry for the source given above under Hansard print will be:

Reference list entry: Australia, House of Representatives 2016, Debates , no.6, Wednesday, 23 November, viewed 20 January 2017, <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/>.

In-text citation: Mr. Singh (Australia, Senate 2015, p. 3235) addressed the issue of …

Reference list entry: Australia, Senate 2015, Parliamentary Debates , no. 5, 14 May, viewed 30 May 2016, http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/ Hanssen261110#2015

6.    Books Published by Governmental Organizations

In-text citation: … in the case of an institution (Australian Government Publishing Service 1987, p. 3).

Reference list entry: Australian Government Publishing Service 1987, Commonwealth Printing and Publishing Manual, 2nd edn, A.G.P.S., Canberra, ACT.

Note: In Harvard referencing style, ‘edn.’ is used instead of ‘ed.’ to denote ‘edition.’

7.    Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Publications  

The Harvard format for citing documents from Australian Bureau of Statistics contains the following important elements:

• ‘Australian Bureau of Statistics’ as the Author name.
• The ABS catalogue number after the title is written if the item has one.
• ‘cat. no.’ is used for the catalogue number.

The basic format for such a source in Harvard style is therefore:  

In-Text Citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics Year)

Reference list entry: Australian Bureau of Statistics Year, Title in italics, catalogue number, ABS, Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics Year, Title, catalogue number, ABS, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example of an ABS print publication is:

In-text citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1995)

Reference list entry: Australian Bureau of Statistics 1995, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander survey 1994: detailed findings , cat. no. 4190.0, ABS, Canberra.

Example of an ABS online publication is:

In-text citation: (ABS 2014) OR (ABS 2014, p.5)

Reference list entry: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, Overseas arrivals and departures, Australia , cat. no. 3401.0, viewed 3 October 2014, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/ [email protected] /Lookup/3401.0Main+Features1Aug%202014?OpenDocument>.

Using Government Abbreviations and Acronyms while Citing in Harvard Style

Some governmental organizations might have very long names. Often, word count is limited while writing academic texts. It becomes quite tedious and repetitive to write the same, lengthy name of a governmental group again and again. If it has an abbreviation, it’s used instead within the in-text citation.

For instance, in the example for ABS given above, since ABS is an abbreviation for a group name that’s otherwise a bit lengthy, the initials are used instead.

Important point to remember: When an abbreviated title or a group or agency or an acronym is written for the first time in the manuscript, its complete name must be written. In subsequent mentions from there on out, though, the abbreviation or the acronym can be used.

In Harvard referencing, if the in-text citation is not in the form of narration (in the ongoing text) but the parenthetical form (after the text), an abbreviation or acronym must be included within the parenthesis. It, therefore, becomes a double parenthesis, for example:

… discovered by their findings (Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 1995)

Tips for Citing and Referencing Government Websites or Reports in Harvard Style

While citing and referencing government publications in Harvard (AGPS) style, the format should not be confused with books, for often, the two looks like. However, in the case of government publications, it can sometimes be difficult to identify the publications’ authors or author agencies (the ‘departmental author’ mentioned above).

Some things to keep in mind while citing government websites or reports are:

• Treat the government document as a report, book, or brochure is treated while citing and referencing.
• In case a person’s name is indeed listed on the government website, use that as the author’s name. But,
• If the government publication does not mention any author name anywhere on the website, the sponsoring or supporting agency name is used in place of the author’s name.
• In case the publisher and the author organization/department are the same, the author’s/author agency’s abbreviated title is written in place of the publisher’s name. However, while citing the author’s name, the complete name is written. It’s only abbreviated in the publisher details’ section of the reference list entry.
• If a document has been prepared and/or published by another division or branch of a government body itself, the agency’s name is cited as the author’s name. Furthermore, the title of the division or branch of the government is also mentioned after the document title. In the text citation for such a source, however, only the government agency is mentioned.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do you cite a government website.

To cite a government website, follow this general format: Author/Agency. (Year). Title of the webpage. Name of the Website. URL For in-text citation: (Author/Agency, Year) or (Title, Year). Always consult a specific style guide (e.g., APA, MLA) for precise formatting.

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Referencing the dissertation is not a problem when you follow our super easy guide. Firstly you need to collect some common information

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Harvard referencing system is one of the most common citation styles used by many educational establishments. Colleges or universities, it doesn’t matter because each professor will require correct referencing of academic sources.  

Brief History of the Harvard Reference Style

Students using Harvard style citations rarely know about its background. Why is it important? The answer is simple: while you can always use the help of a Harvard citation generator, absolute success will be achieved only as citing everything becomes second nature to you. It will make the citing process faster. Unfortunately, all intricacies can appear rather tedious and most importantly, indistinguishable from other styles like APA or MLA. That’s why you have to start seeing Harvard as an individual referencing system with its specific history.

Unlike other styles, Harvard referencing was created not by academic associations but by an independent person, a zoologist Edward Mark. As a scientist, he published a study and used a special author-year citation, and it became popular in academic circles. It’s also the reason why it varies among universities, particularly regarding punctuation, since as time went by, many people started to adapt it to themselves. Because of this, different variations of Harvard exist.  

This referencing system is used in a variety of subjects due to its convenience, but most commonly, it’s required in social sciences as well as humanities. Business disciplines also use it often, and if you’re a student in one of these areas, you’re likely to become familiar with Harvard very soon.

Formatting Harvard In-text Citations Accurately

Each source must be cited within text properly. Whether you’re using excerpts, paraphrases, or direct quotes, they all must be cited. Harvard reference generator can be of great help here, but as we said, knowing the basics by heart is also important.

Citations can be direct and indirect. Direct citations entail mentioning the author right in text itself. Indirect ones mean that you provide information from source and put the author’s name into parenthesis.

If you’re referring to text in general, all you need is author and date. In case of direct citation, format your reference like this.

When using indirect citations, follow this example.

When you’re referring to specific moments from a source or use direct quotes, you’re going to need page numbers. This is how they should be formatted.

if you’re mentioning/quoting moments from several pages, use ‘pp.’ instead of ‘p.’ and list them through the hyphen.   

As it was already stated, dates are crucial. Still, you might find a source where no date is present. You can’t rely on the Harvard referencing tools in such cases because it is very strict about using dates no matter what.

Check the content and its medium to find an approximate date. For example, there is no date visible in your article, but there is a year mentioned for those pieces published right before and after it. Logically, yours was created in the same year. If you’re not certain, mention it like this:

If things are trickier than that, try to establish a decade of publication. For example, use (199-) if you’re sure about your found date or put (199?) if you’re not entirely confident. However, if the date cannot be identified, you can also use n.d. for “not dated”.    

When source has several authors, use Harvard citation generator tool or remember these rules. Mention them with the help of ‘and’ both in text and in parenthesis. Everything else remains the same as in instance with one author.  

Do the same for three authors:

For four or more authors in Harvard citations , you’ll have to use ‘et al.’ Pay attention to punctuation.

Unlike in other styles, Harvard referencing generator requires the usage of source’s creator. If you can’t find him/her, mention them as ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon.’ in short. Other rules remain the same.

Combining several sources in one citation is a task you have to do manually as the Harvard reference generator can’t know what authors combinations you’re using. It’s quite easy, just follow this example.

In parenthesis, separate chosen writing professionals with a semicolon:

Harvard citation generator also won’t assist you in the instance if there are authors who share one last name in your work. To avoid confusion, give their first names’ initials and use dates of works to distinguish them.

It’ll look like this:

Often, you have to use several sources authored by one person. If they were created in different years, this will be the point of distinction: just don’t forget to keep mentioning the year every time after the author’s name.

When author published several works in one year, differentiate them through lowercase letters alphabetically. For example:

Treat organizations like you would authors, just use their names instead of actual people’s last names.

For instance:

These sources don’t differ from physically published ones much, they simply lack pages. So, you’ll just need authors’ last names and date.

Harvard Reference List Formatting

Bibliography is as important as in-text citations because it helps your readers see how credible your sources are and where/how they can be found. You have to list them alphabetically based on an author’s last name. When locating several publications by one author, place them according to the earliest date.

For journal articles, you’re going to need volume and issue numbers. Remember that journals’ and magazines’ titles must be in italics while titles of articles shouldn’t be formatted. For academic journals, this  general structure is needed.

See below for clearer articles referencing structure understanding.

For online newspapers’ articles, the following structure is needed:

There are many kinds of useful websites. To cite them, just use all available info. Capitalize the document’s title (unless it’s an article).

If you’re interested only in one chapter of some book, you should cite it separately instead of referencing the entire source . Just add “Ch. 4” (or a number you need) at the very end. If this book has editors, mention them but start reference from name of the author whose chapter/story you’ve used. Mention the date of a specific story and of book itself. It’ll look like this:

In our modern time, e-books are increasingly popular. When using one, mention what you normally would about published professionals but add a link through which it was accessed.

Be very attentive when citing academic conference papers. Mention all data provided below:

General Harvard referencing for books will look like this.

Don’t forget that books’ titles must be capitalized and see specific examples for more clarity.  

For editions other than first, place number of the edition after title.

For many authors, use the Harvard referencing generator to avoid mistakes. If you’re doing it manually, remember that you must list all authors in the order they’re mentioned in the source itself. Put ‘and’ before the final name.

Check a more specific example below.

For patents, check this template.

When using lecture notes provided by the professor, Harvard referencing generator won’t be able to help. If you’re providing a paper for an audience who’s not your professor, include them in Appendix.  

Benefits of EduBirdie’s Harvard Citation Generator

EduBirdie’s Harvard generator is always ready to help you format references properly. Firstly, it’s completely free and doesn’t require registration. It works online , so just go to our site and choose format you need.

Also, it’s entirely accurate. Of course, you should check your uni’s template because like we said, Harvard can differ, but our system corresponds to most common requirements. We value your trust and we make constant useful updates.

FAQs for Harvard Citation Generator

What If My Harvard Template Differs From EduBirdie’s Harvard Citation Generator?

In such case, you can either try to follow your professor’s template or send it to us and we’ll format everything for you. Our writers are professionals in formatting and they’ll do everything flawlessly. 

How Can I Make My Harvard Formatting Perfect?

To eliminate all chances of failure, order paper formatting from EduBirdie.  You’ll save time and receive the best results.

Can I Re-Format My MLA/APA/Chicago Paper to Harvard?

Sure, it’s not a problem! Just use this guide to make changes you need and download some online samples.  Also, if you’ve formatted your paper in other citation style and now need Harvard quickly, we’ll gladly re-do it for you.

How Should Titles Be Formatted?

In Harvard, you must put titles of books, movies, journals, and magazines in italics. Others are put either into quotation marks or not formatted at all.

What If I Need to Cite Source That Harvard Manual Doesn’t Have?

It’s possible because mentioning all types of sources that you might require isn’t real. Either cite all info about the source you can find by following the aforementioned examples or ask us to help. We can format your bibliography , in-text citations, or find sources and write your paper from scratch.  So contact us now if you need help!

• Study and research support
• Referencing

Leeds Harvard introduction

Leeds harvard basics.

The University uses a variation of the Harvard referencing style called Leeds Harvard.

To reference in Leeds Harvard:

• Insert an in-text citation and a corresponding reference in an alphabetical list at the end of your work for every source you quote, paraphrase, summarise or refer to.
• Include the author's surname ( family name ) and year of publication in the citation, and the full details of the item in the reference.
• Include page numbers in your citation if you quote directly from the text, paraphrase specific ideas or explanations, or use an image, diagram, table etc from a source.

If your school has asked you to reference using the Leeds version of Harvard, then your tutors should also follow this guidance when marking.

How to incorporate citations into your work

It is good practice to vary the way you incorporate in-text citations; this will help enhance the flow and style of your academic writing.

You may sometimes use the author's name in the text, or just refer to the author in brackets, and citations might appear at the start, middle or end of your sentences.

You can also refer to multiple authors at once; this will not only help to make your writing more succinct, but will also improve the synthesis of sources, research or ideas within your assignments.

• Biggs and Smith (2012) offer a convincing argument...
• In contrast, Grayson (2012) identified the main determinant as...
• Ramirez (2010), Schneider (2011) and Roberts (2013) discuss the challenges faced by...
• There seems to be a correlation between students' use of the library and high degree marks (Stone and Collins, 2012).
• The research of Dalton (2012) has been challenged by...
• A number of studies have shown that ... (Richards, 2007; Graham, 2009; Elston, 2011; Chan, 2012)
• Socio-economic factors such as class and education, as well as "hereditary determinants" (Civaner and Arda, 2008, p.267), can have a detrimental effect on an individual's health.

Further help

For more information, take a look at the following handy resources and guides:

• Referencing made simple tutorial (opens in a new window)
• Leeds Harvard referencing examples
• Harvard referencing quick crib sheet
• Harvard reference list example (PDF)

Acknowledging the Work of Self and Others

• Introduction

Harvard Griffin GSAS strives to provide students with timely, accurate, and clear information. If you need help understanding a specific policy, please contact the office that administers that policy.

• Application for Degree
• Credit for Completed Graduate Work
• Ad Hoc Degree Programs
• Acknowledging the Work of Others
• Dissertation Advisory Committee
• Formatting Your Dissertation
• Publishing Options
• Subject, Invention, and Patents
• Submitting Your Dissertation
• English Language Proficiency
• PhD Program Requirements
• Secondary Fields
• Year of Graduate Study (G-Year)
• Master's Degrees
• Grade and Examination Requirements
• Conduct and Safety
• Financial Aid
• Non-Resident Students
• Registration
• Residence Halls

Students are responsible for acknowledging any facts, ideas, or materials of others used in their own work, as outlined in Codes of Conduct .

In choosing an annotation or reference system, students should be guided by the practice of their discipline and the recommendations of their dissertation advisor, program, or committee. When images or quotations from materials held by libraries, archives, museums, and the like are included in the dissertation, authors should follow the policies of owning institutions concerning references and citations.

Textual notes that provide bibliographic references, supplemental information, opinions, explanations, or suggestions that are not part of the text must appear at the bottom of the page as a footnote:

• Lengthy footnotes may be continued on the next page.
• Footnote numbering can be continuous throughout the dissertation or may start again for each chapter or page, but the method must be consistent.
• Footnotes may be single spaced within each entry but must be double spaced between each entry.

Bibliography

Students should check with their advisor or department to determine whether a bibliography is customary in their field. If it is, the conventions of the discipline should be followed:

• The bibliography may be single spaced within each entry but must be double spaced between each entry.
• On the first page of the bibliography, the page number is placed at the bottom of the page, centered between the margins. Thereafter, page numbers should be placed in the same position as they are throughout the rest of the text.
• The bibliography should be consecutively paginated after the text.

Citation and Style Guides

Students may consult a variety of guides as they draft their dissertation:

• The Chicago Manual of Style
• Day, Robert A. and Barbara Gastel.  How to Write & Publish a Scientific Paper
• MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing
• Strunk, William.  The Elements of Style
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
• Turabian, Kate L.  A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations

Use of Copyrighted Material

Using copyrighted material requires permission from the copyright holder, which could be the original author, a publisher, or other creator. If a quotation, passage, or image does not qualify as Fair Use , permission from the copyright owner must be obtained and uploaded as a supplemental file when submitting the dissertation. Visit the  Harvard Library Copyright Advisor  program or talk to a Copyright First Responder for information about fair use, publishing and licensing, state copyright laws, and more, or Harvard’s  Office of the General Counsel . Students who are reproducing, publishing, distributing, or displaying work in a foreign country will need to investigate the applicable laws in that country.

• Permission to use copyrighted material is obtained from the owner of the copyright.
• Any permission required for use of copyrighted material must be obtained before the dissertation is submitted.
• If a student includes their own previously published material in the dissertation, and if the student had transferred rights to the publisher, then the student must obtain permission from the publisher to include this material in the dissertation. This can be negotiated in the student’s contract or agreement with the publisher; see “ Planning to Publish ,” developed by the Harvard Library Copyright Advisor for more information.​
• Any permission requested should allow the material to be used as part of the dissertation in all forms and media, including but not limited to digital and print forms. 

​​ProQuest and Copyright

ProQuest requires copies of copyright permission documents and assumes no liability for copyright violations. The documents should be submitted in ProQuest ETD as a separate supplemental file with the title, “Permission Letters, Do Not Publish.” Copyright permission letters are not published.

• When images or quotations from materials obtained from libraries, archives, museums, and the like are included in the dissertation, students should also follow the policies of the respective repositories concerning permission or citation requirements.
• When copyrighted material owned by someone other than the author appears in a dissertation and does not meet the fair use standard, and when the author has failed to obtain permission from the copyright holder for ProQuest to sell such material, ProQuest cannot make the complete dissertation available for sale to anyone other than the author.

Use of Third-Party Content 

In addition to the student's own writing, dissertations often contain third-party content or in-copyright content owned by parties other than the student who authored the dissertation. The Office for Scholarly Communication has provided the following resource on fair use, which allows individuals to use in-copyright content on a limited basis and for specific purposes without seeking permission from copyright holders. 

Because your dissertation will be made available for online distribution through  DASH , Harvard's open-access repository, it is important that any third-party content in it may be made available in this way. 

Dissertations Comprising Previously Published Works 

As a matter of copyright, dissertations comprising the student's previously published works must be authorized for distribution from DASH. The guidelines in this section pertain to any previously published material that requires permission from publishers or other rightsholders before it may be distributed in DASH and ProQuest.  

Please note:  

• Authors whose publishing agreements grant the publisher copyright and/or exclusive rights to display, distribute, and create derivative works will need to seek the publisher's permission for nonexclusive use of the underlying works before the dissertation may be distributed from DASH and ProQuest. 
• Authors whose publishing agreements indicate the authors have retained the relevant nonexclusive rights to the original materials for display, distribution, and the creation of derivative works may distribute the dissertation as a whole in DASH and ProQuest without need for further permissions. 
• It is recommended that authors consult their publishing agreements directly to determine whether and to what extent they may have transferred exclusive rights under copyright. The  Office for Scholarly Communication (OSC) is available to help the author determine whether she has retained the necessary rights or requires permission.  Please note, however, that the Office of Scholarly Communication cannot assist with the permissions process. 

CONTACT INFO

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How To Cite A Dictionary Using Harvard Referencing Style

When citing a dictionary using the Harvard referencing style, it’s essential to provide accurate information to direct readers to the exact source you consulted. Follow these steps on how to cite a dictionary using Harvard referencing style.

• Identify the Elements

First, gather the necessary information for your citation:

• Author(s) or editor(s) of the dictionary (if applicable)
• Year of publication
• Title of the dictionary (italicized or underlined)
• Edition (if specified)
• Page number (if citing a specific entry)
• Format for In-Text Citation

In the body of your text, cite the dictionary entry by placing the author/editor’s surname, year of publication, and page number (if applicable) in parentheses. For example:

• (Smith, 2005)
• (Johnson, 2010, p. 45)

If the dictionary entry has no author or editor, use the title of the dictionary instead:

• (“Oxford English Dictionary,” 2019)
• (“Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary,” 2020, p. 123)
• Construct the Reference List Entry

In the reference list (or bibliography), format the citation as follows:

• Book with author: Author(s) Last Name, First Initial(s) Year of Publication, Title of Dictionary , Edition (if applicable), Publisher.

Example: Smith, J. 2005, The Dictionary of Linguistics , 2nd edn, Oxford University Press.

• Book with editor: Editor(s) Last Name, First Initial(s) (ed.) Year of Publication, Title of Dictionary , Edition (if applicable), Publisher.

Example: Johnson, L. (ed.) 2010, Cambridge Dictionary of English Language , 3rd edn, Cambridge University Press.

• Book with no author or editor: Title of Dictionary Year of Publication, Publisher.

Example: Oxford English Dictionary 2019, Oxford University Press.

• Specific entry in a dictionary: Author(s) or Editor(s) Last Name, First Initial(s) Year, ‘Title of Entry’, in Title of Dictionary , Edition (if applicable), Publisher, Page Number.

Example: Brown, P. 2018, ‘Syntax’, in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary , 11th edn, Merriam-Webster, p. 567.

Ensure that all details, including punctuation and capitalization, are correct. Double-check page numbers and other specific details if citing a particular entry. Consistency in formatting is crucial for clarity and academic integrity.

Also Read : How To Activate Showmax On DStv Premium

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Helping you manage your citations and references

Featured content

Referencing styles.

Guides on how to reference in the styles commonly used at the University

Referencing software

Download reference management software or find a citation generator

Guides and tutorials

Learn referencing skills and how to use reference management software in these guides and tutorials

FAQs and help

Have a citing or referencing question? Check our Frequently Asked Questions or seek further help.

Getting started with citing and referencing from University of Melbourne Library on Vimeo .

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China National Standard GB/T 7714-2005 (numeric, Chinese) Referencing Guide (updated Jul 2024)

This is the citationsy guide to china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese) citations, reference lists, in-text citations, and bibliographies. the complete, comprehensive guide shows you how easy citing any source can be. referencing books, youtube videos, websites, articles, journals, podcasts, images, videos, or music in china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese)..

How do you cite a book in the China National Standard GB/T 7714-2005 (numeric, Chinese) referencing style? (2024 Guide)

How to reference a journal article in the china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese) citation style, how do you cite scientific papers in china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese) format, how to cite a website in a paper in china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese) style, how to cite a youtube video china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese) in 2024, how to cite a podcast using china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese) referencing style, how to cite a piece of music or a song using china national standard gb/t 7714-2005 (numeric, chinese) referencing style.

Harvard Style

• Position of the citation
• Secondary Referencing
• Date of Publication
• Page numbers
• Paraphrasing and Summarising
• Examples of References in Harvard style
• Quick A-Z Examples of References
• Citation Tools and Software

You may wish to refer to a work that you haven't actually read, but which has been summarised in somebody else's work. This is known as ‘ secondary referencing ’. If feasible, try to get access to the original source of what you want to refer to as you are depending on the author who cited the reference to have understood it accurately and not taken it out of context.

To do this, you add the phrase ‘ quoted in ’ or ‘ cited in ’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your in-text citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.

Therefore, you mention two names:

• the author of the idea you are using
• the source you have found it in

McWilliams (2005, quoted in Free, 2024, p. 927) extolled the virtues of the "Wonderbra effect," which saw the bourgeoisization of Irish society which was ‘pressed together in the middle and lifted up, allowing us to display our impressive material cleavage’ as a growing middle-class.

Neuroticism has been associated with a variety of life problems, stress, and mental disorders such as anxiety and depression (Kendler, 1993, cited in Ferguson, 2024).

However, your bibliography should only give details of the source that you found it in.

• << Previous: Authorship
• Next: Date of Publication >>
• Last Updated: Jul 1, 2024 10:56 AM
• URL: https://atlantictu.libguides.com/harvard

Quarto will use Pandoc to automatically generate citations and a bibliography in a number of styles. To use this capability, you will need:

A quarto document formatted with citations (see Citation Markdown ).

A bibliographic data source, for example a BibLaTeX ( .bib ) or BibTeX ( .bibtex ) file.

Optionally, a CSL file which specifies the formatting to use when generating the citations and bibliography (when not using natbib or biblatex to generate the bibliography).

When using format: typst , by default citation processing is handled by Typst, not Pandoc. See the Typst section below for more details.

Bibliography Files

Quarto supports bibliography files in a wide variety of formats including BibLaTeX and CSL. Add a bibliography to your document using the bibliography YAML metadata field. For example:

You can provide more than one bibliography file if you would like by setting the bibliography field’s value to a YAML array.

See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on bibliography formats.

Citation Syntax

Quarto uses the standard Pandoc markdown representation for citations (e.g.  [@citation] ) — citations go inside square brackets and are separated by semicolons. Each citation must have a key, composed of ‘@’ + the citation identifier from the database, and may optionally have a prefix, a locator, and a suffix. The citation key must begin with a letter, digit, or _ , and may contain alphanumerics, _ , and internal punctuation characters ( :.#$%&-+?<>~/ ). Here are some examples:

You can also write in-text citations, as follows:

See the Pandoc Citations documentation for additional information on citation syntax.

Citation Style

Quarto uses Pandoc to format citations and bibliographies. By default, Pandoc will use the Chicago Manual of Style author-date format, but you can specify a custom formatting using CSL ( Citation Style Language ). To provide a custom citation stylesheet, provide a path to a CSL file using the csl metadata field in your document, for example:

You can find CSL files or learn more about using styles at the CSL Project . You can browse the list of more than 8,500 Creative Commons CSL definitions in the CSL Project’s central repository or Zotero’s style repository .

CSL styling is only available when the cite-method is citeproc (which it is by default). If you are using another cite-method , you can control the formatting of the references using the mechanism provided by that method.

Bibliography Generation

By default, Pandoc will automatically generate a list of works cited and place it in the document if the style calls for it. It will be placed in a div with the id refs if one exists:

If no such div is found, the works cited list will be placed at the end of the document.

If your bibliography is being generated using BibLaTeX or natbib ( Section 7 ), the bibliography will always appear at the end of the document and the #refs div will be ignored.

You can suppress generation of a bibliography by including suppress-bibliography: true option in your document metadata

Here’s an example of a generated bibliography:

Including Uncited Items

If you want to include items in the bibliography without actually citing them in the body text, you can define a dummy nocite metadata field and put the citations there:

In this example, the document will contain a citation for item3 only, but the bibliography will contain entries for item1 , item2 , and item3 .

It is possible to create a bibliography with all the citations, whether or not they appear in the document, by using a wildcard:

LaTeX: using BibLaTeX or natbib

When creating PDFs, you can choose to use either the default Pandoc citation handling based on citeproc, or alternatively use natbib or BibLaTeX . This can be controlled using the cite-method option. For example:

The default is to use citeproc (Pandoc’s built in citation processor).

See the main article on using Citations with Quarto for additional details on citation syntax, available bibliography formats, etc.

When using natbib or biblatex you can specify the following additional options to affect how bibliographies are rendered:

Typst comes with its own citation processing system for bibliographies and using format: typst defaults to it. To specify a bibliography style using Typst’s system, use the bibliographystyle option. Provide a string from Typst’s list of built-in styles , e.g.:

Or alternatively, provide a path to a local CSL file:

If you prefer to use Pandoc’s citation processing, set citeproc: true explicitly in YAML header:

To provide a citation style file to Pandoc’s citation processing system use the csl option, as described in Citation Style .

Reference management. Clean and simple.

How to format your references using the Applied Physics Letters citation style

This is a short guide how to format citations and the bibliography in a manuscript for Applied Physics Letters. For a complete guide how to prepare your manuscript refer to the journal's instructions to authors .

• Using reference management software

Typically you don't format your citations and bibliography by hand. The easiest way is to use a reference manager:

• Journal articles

Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography.

Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier. In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range.

• Books and book chapters

Here are examples of references for authored and edited books as well as book chapters.

Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Refer to the Instructions to authors for Applied Physics Letters .

This example shows the general structure used for government reports, technical reports, and scientific reports. If you can't locate the report number then it might be better to cite the report as a book. For reports it is usually not individual people that are credited as authors, but a governmental department or agency like "U. S. Food and Drug Administration" or "National Cancer Institute".

• Theses and dissertations

Theses including Ph.D. dissertations, Master's theses or Bachelor theses follow the basic format outlined below.

• News paper articles

Unlike scholarly journals, news papers do not usually have a volume and issue number. Instead, the full date and page number is required for a correct reference.

• In-text citations

References should be cited in the text by sequential numbers in superscript :

• About the journal

• Other styles
• The Lancet Oncology
• International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education
• International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power